Editing Valencia (section)

=== Modern history ===
Following the death of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] in 1516, the nobiliary estate challenged the Crown amid the relative void of power.{{Sfn|Pérez García|2019}} In 1519, the ''Taula de Canvis'' was recreated again, known as ''Nova Taula''.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://revistas.um.es/rcsar/article/view/385751/266291 |publisher=[[University of Murcia|Editum]] |location=Murcia |journal=Revista de Contabilidad |volume=3 |issue=6 |year=2000 |issn=1138-4891 |title=Los contables de la ''Taula de Canvis'' de Valencia (1519-1649). Su formación teórica y práctica |first=Francisco |last=Mayordomo García-Chicote |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604171031/https://revistas.um.es/rcsar/article/view/385751/266291 |url-status=live }}</ref> The nobles earned the rejection from the people of Valencia, and the whole kingdom was plunged into the [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods]] and full-blown civil war between 1521 and 1522.{{Sfn|Pérez García|2019}} Muslim vassals were forced to convert in 1526 at the behest of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].{{Sfn|Pérez García|2019}}

Urban and rural delinquency—linked to phenomena such as [[vagrancy]], [[gambling]], [[larceny]], [[Procuring (prostitution)|pimping]] and false begging—as well as the nobiliary banditry consisting of the revenges and rivalries between the aristocratic families flourished in Valencia during the 16th century.{{Sfn|García Martínez|1972|pp=85–86}} Furthermore, [[Barbary pirates|North African piracy]] targeted the whole coastline of the [[kingdom of Valencia]], forcing the fortification of sites.{{Sfn|García Martínez|1972|p=88}} By the late 1520s, the intensification of Barbary [[Corsairs of Algiers|corsair]] activity along with domestic conflicts and the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in global trade networks put an end to the economic splendor of the city.{{Sfn|Franch Benavent|2008|p=84}} This piracy also paved the way for the ensuing development of Christian piracy, that had Valencia as one of its main bases in the Iberian Mediterranean.{{Sfn|García Martínez|1972|p=88}} The Berber threat—initially with [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] support—generated great insecurity on the coast, and it would not be substantially reduced until the 1580s.{{Sfn|García Martínez|1972|p=88}}

[[File:València el 1563, per Anton van den Wyngaerde.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.8|View of Valencia by [[Anton van den Wyngaerde]] (1563)]]
[[File:Embarco moriscos en el Grao de valencia.jpg|thumb|Expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia Grau by Pere Oromig (1616)]]
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the 1609 expulsion of the [[Morisco]]s, descendants of the Muslim population that had converted to Christianity. The Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former [[Crown of Aragon]], and in the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] specifically, and constituted roughly a third of the total population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meyerson |first=Mark D. |title=The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: between Coexistence and Crusade |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-06888-9 |page=14}}</ref> The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the Valencian nobility and the bankruptcy of the ''Taula de canvi'' in 1613.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The decline of the city reached its nadir with the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1702–1709), marking the end of the political and legal independence of the [[Kingdom of Valencia]]. During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], Valencia sided with the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] ruler of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles of Austria]]. King Charles vowed to protect the laws (''[[Furs of Valencia|Furs]]'') of the [[Kingdom of Valencia]], which gained him the sympathy of a wide sector of the Valencian population. On 24 January 1706, after having ridden south from Barcelona, [[Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough]], led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city and captured the nearby fortress at [[Sagunto|Sagunt]], bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The English held the city for 16 months, defeating several attempts to expel them. After the victory of the Bourbons at the [[Battle of Almansa]] on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] ordered the repeal of the Furs of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Jules |title=The Middle Sea. A History of the Mediterranean |year=2007 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=978-0-7011-7608-2}}</ref> By the [[Nueva Planta decrees]], the ancient [[Furs of Valencia|Charters of Valencia]] were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter, similarly to other places in the Crown of Aragon.

The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The silk industry boomed during this century, with Valencia replacing [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] as the centre of silk-manufacturing in Spain.<ref name=silk /> The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in Europe and, in Valencia, its humanistic ideals influenced men such as [[Gregorio Mayans]] and [[Francisco Pérez Bayer]], who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

====Peninsular War====
{{main|Peninsular War}}
The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the Peninsular War (also known as the Spanish War of Independence) affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still being felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose up in arms against them on 23 May 1808, inspired by leaders such as Vicent Doménech el Palleter.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The mutineers seized the Citadel, the [[Supreme Junta]] government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal [[Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey|Moncey]] attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French [[Grande Armée]] troops at the first [[Battle of Valencia (1808)|Battle of Valencia]]. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet|Suchet]] began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartist]] king, [[Joseph Bonaparte|José I]] (Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the middle of 1812. The disaster of the [[Battle of Vitoria]] on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

====Post-war====
[[File:València el 1832, per A. Guesdon.jpg|thumb|right|Valencia in 1832 by French lithographer [[Guesdon|Alfred Guesdon]]]]
[[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] returned to the throne at end of the Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. On his return, on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which significantly limited royal powers. Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, [[Francisco Javier de Elío|General Elio]] invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]] and dissolved the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the [[Trienio Liberal]], a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 to 1823.

On King Ferdinand VII's death in 1833, [[Baldomero Espartero]] became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of the king's daughter, the future [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]]. During the regency of [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Cristina]], Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th prime minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

[[File:Inauguración de los trabajos del derribo de las murallas en Valencia.jpg|thumb|The start of demolition work on the walls of the city in 1865]]
The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; landowners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the [[Valencian language|Valencian]] language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Work to demolish the walls of the old city started on 20 February 1865.<ref name=murallas>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2006 |first=Daniel |last=Sala |title=La demolición de las murallas de la ciudad |url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061208/ocio/demolicion-murallas-ciudad_20061208.html |website=[[Las Provincias]] |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222142613/http://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061208/ocio/demolicion-murallas-ciudad_20061208.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The demolition of the citadel ended after the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|1868 Glorious Revolution]].<ref name=murallas />

During the [[Cantonal rebellion]] in 1873, Valencia was the capital of the short-lived [[Valencian Canton]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casals Bergés |first=Quintí |date=2022 |title=El Cantonalismo (1873): Notas para un estudio comparado |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8726311 |journal=Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea |volume=37 |issue=110 |pages=59–101 |issn=0213-5868 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012113805/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8726311 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the introduction of [[universal manhood suffrage]] in the late 19th century, the political landscape in Valencia—until then consisting of the bipartisanship characteristic of the early [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration period]]—experienced a change, leading to a growth of [[Republicanism in Spain|republican forces]], gathered around the emerging figure of [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]].{{Sfn|Aguiló Lúcia|1992|pp=61–62}} Not unlike the equally republican [[Lerrouxism]], the Populist {{ill|Blasquism|es|Blasquismo|lt=}} came to mobilize the Valencian masses by promoting [[Anti-clericalism|anticlericalism]].{{Sfn|Suárez Cortina|2011|p=28}} Meanwhile, in reaction, the right-wing coalesced around several initiatives such as the Catholic League or the reformulation of Valencian [[Carlism]], and [[Valencianism]] did similarly with organizations such as Valencia Nova or the Unió Valencianista.{{Sfn|Aguiló Lúcia|1992|p=62}}