Editing Upwelling (section)

==== Southern Ocean ====
[[File:Antarctic bottom water.svg|thumb|300px|{{center|Upwelling in the [[Southern Ocean]]}}]]
Large-scale upwelling is also found in the [[Southern Ocean]]. Here, strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around [[Antarctica]], driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling.  Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between [[South America]] and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. In some regions of Antarctica, wind-driven upwelling near the coast pulls relatively warm [[Circumpolar deep water]] onto the continental shelf, where it can enhance ice shelf melt and influence ice sheet stability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greene|first1=Chad A.|last2=Blankenship|first2=Donald D.|last3=Gwyther|first3=David E.|last4=Silvano|first4=Alessandro|last5=Wijk|first5=Esmee van|date=2017-11-01|title=Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=3|issue=11|pages=e1701681|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1701681|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5665591|pmid=29109976|bibcode=2017SciA....3E1681G}}</ref> Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and [[Great South Australian Coastal Upwelling System|south Australia]], all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations (see coastal upwelling above).

Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad-scale upwelling occurs in the tropics, as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above. The required diffusion coefficients, however, appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean. Nonetheless, some diffusive upwelling does probably occur.