Editing Uppsala University (section)

===18th century: Enlightenment and mercantilism===
The early part of the 18th century was still characterized by the combination of Lutheran orthodoxy and classical philology of the previous century, but eventually, a larger emphasis on sciences and practically useful knowledge developed. The innovative mathematician and physicist [[Samuel Klingenstierna]] (1698–1765) was made a professor in 1728, the physicist and astronomer [[Anders Celsius]] in 1729, and [[Carl Linnaeus]] was made professor of medicine with botany in 1741. The university was not immune to the parliamentary struggle between the parties known as the "Hats" and the "Caps," with the former having a preference for hard sciences and practical knowledge. The Hat government then in power established a chair in economics (''Œconomia publica'') in 1741 and called Anders Berch as its first incumbent. This was the first professorship in economics outside Germany, and possibly the third in Europe (the first chairs having been established in the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Martin Luther University of Halle]] and [[European University Viadrina]] in 1727). In 1759, following a donation, another chair in the economy was established, the Borgströmian professorship in "practical economy," which meant the practical application of the natural sciences for economic purposes (it eventually developed into a chair for physiological botany).

There were very radical attempts at reforms which were never implemented, but important changes took place. University studies had until this time been very informal in their overall organization, with the all-purpose ''philosophiæ magister''-degree being the only one frequently conferred and many never graduating, as there was no degree applicable to their intended area of work (and well-connected aristocratic students often not graduating as they did not need to). A few professional degrees for various purposes were introduced in 1749–1750, but the radical suggestion of binding students to a single program of study adapted to a particular profession was never implemented. The reforms of this era have been compared to those of the 1960s and 1970s (Sten Lindroth).

Although it took some time after the fire of 1702, [[Uppsala Cathedral]] and [[Uppsala Castle]] were both eventually restored, both by [[Carl Hårleman]], perhaps the most important Swedish architect of the era. He also modified [[Gustavianum]], designed a new conservatory for Linnaeus' botanical garden and built the new Consistory house, which was to be the administrative core of the university.

Another magnificent royal donation was that of the large baroque garden of the castle, given by [[Gustav III]] to the university when it was obvious that the old botanical garden was insufficient. A large new conservatory was built by the architect [[Louis Jean Desprez]]. Additional grounds adjacent to the baroque garden have since been added. The old garden of Rudbeck and Linnaeus was largely left to decay but was reconstructed in the years between 1918 and 1923 according to the specifications of Linnaeus in his work ''Hortus Upsaliensis'' from 1745.
[[File:Gustav III of Sweden at the Gustavianum in 1786.jpg|thumb|250px|King [[Gustav III]] visits the university in 1786]]