Editing University of Michigan (section)

===1900 to 1950===

[[File:Photo of courtyard Law Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|Law Quadrangle, ca. 1930s]]

In 1910, [[Harry Burns Hutchins]] assumed the presidency, becoming the first alumnus to hold that position.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} He had spent seven years in [[Ithaca, New York]], where he was called by [[Andrew Dickson White]] and [[Charles Kendall Adams]] to establish the [[Cornell Law School]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Hutchins then became the dean of the law school at his alma mater, where he introduced the [[case method]] of instruction.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Hutchins was acting president when Angell was absent.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} During his presidency, Hutchins established the [[Rackham Graduate School|Graduate School]],<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} doubled enrollment,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} and increased the faculty.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} He secured more state aid and alumni support to fund the university's capital needs,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} including the gothic Law Quadrangle,<ref name="Law Quadrangle">{{Cite web |title = The Law Quadrangle |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134450/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |archive-date = February 18, 2020 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref> [[Martha Cook Building]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = Martha Cook Residence Hall |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033108/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |archive-date = October 19, 2021 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref> [[Hill Auditorium]], and [[Michigan Union]], which became campus landmarks. Hutchins enhanced the university health service,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} but wartime distractions plagued his presidency. The influenza epidemic, which caused student deaths from poor care, deeply troubled him.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}} Well-liked by the regents who encouraged him to remain president, nonetheless, Hutchins retired in 1920.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|76–80}}

The 1920s at the university were marked by the brief tenures of two presidents, [[Marion LeRoy Burton]] and [[Clarence Cook Little]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–98}} In 1920, when Burton assumed office, a conference on higher education took place at the university, resulting in the establishment of the [[Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} Under his leadership, construction boomed on campus,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} and enrollments increased,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} propelled by the prosperous economy of the [[Roaring Twenties]]. He initiated the annual honors convocation,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} introduced the deans' conference,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} and increased university income.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} The proposal for establishing a nonsectarian [[divinity school]] on campus came after strong advocacy from [[Charles Foster Kent]] and received unanimous backing from nearby churches.<ref name=":77">Laipson, Peter. “And the Walls Came Crumbling down: The Michigan School of Religion, 1920-1930.” Michigan Historical Review, vol. 21, no. 2, 1995, pp. 93–123. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/20173523. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.</ref> The school was short-lived and was quietly shelved in 1927.<ref name=":77"/> Burton fell ill in 1924 and died in 1925.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} In this emergency, President Emeritus Hutchins was called by the regents to assist, with [[Alfred Henry Lloyd]] serving as acting president until Little's arrival.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|81–88}} Clarence Cook Little was elected president in 1925,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} advocating for individualized education<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} and reforming curricula, particularly for women.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}} Little proposed a curriculum division after two years to address knowledge gaps, leading to the University College proposal, which was ultimately abandoned after his resignation in 1929.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|88–98}}

[[File:People attending UM physics symposium pose for group photo Summer 1931.jpg|thumb|[[Hans Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], second row, sixth left with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], second row, fourth left, in a photograph of the Summer Symposium on Theoretical Physics in 1931 at the University of Michigan]]

[[File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg|thumb|left|Physicists [[George Uhlenbeck|G.E. Uhlenbeck]], [[Hendrik Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], and [[Samuel Goudsmit|S.A. Goudsmit]] circa 1928 at Michigan]]

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Following Little's resignation, [[Alexander Grant Ruthven]], an alumnus, was elected president by unanimous vote.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} He would lead the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} Under Ruthven's leadership, the university administration became more decentralized with the creation of the university council, various divisions, and a system of committees<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|98–116}} For years, the university was a backwater in theoretical physics. Nonetheless, this changed under department head [[Harrison McAllister Randall]], who brought theorists [[Samuel Goudsmit]], [[George Uhlenbeck]], and [[Otto Laporte]] onto the faculty.<ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=573&page=268 Laporte] – National Academy of Sciences Press</ref> Goudsmit mentored famous students at the university, including [[Robert Bacher]] and [[Wu Ta-You]], the Father of Chinese Physics, who in turn taught [[Zhu Guangya]] and two Nobel laureates, [[Chen Ning Yang]] and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]. From 1928 to 1941, the Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics featured renowned physicists like [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Paul Dirac]], and [[Erwin Schrödinger]], with at least fifteen attendees being Nobel laureates or future laureates.<ref>{{cite web |last = Levine |first = Alaina G. |title = Historic Sites Initiative – University of Michigan |url = https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/history/historicsites/summer.cfm |access-date = February 4, 2024 |website = American Physical Society }}</ref> [[Wolfgang Pauli]] held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.<ref name="Burton">{{Cite web |last = Burton |first = Marion Le Roy |title = Department of Physics (University of Michigan) records, 1873–[ongoing]. |url = https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/990027429270106381?filter.author=Oppenheimer%2C+J.+Robert%2C+1904-1967.&library=Bentley+Historical+Library |access-date = November 1, 2023 |website = search.lib.umich.edu |publisher = UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY }}</ref> [[Stephen Timoshenko]] created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university. In 1948, shortly after World War II, the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project was established to honor the hundreds of lives lost from the university during the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title = MMPEI–History |url = http://www.energy.umich.edu/about/#history |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229015555/http://www.energy.umich.edu/about |archive-date = December 29, 2008 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute }}</ref><ref name="um2017.org" /> Funded by numerous contributors, including the [[Ford Motor Company]], the Phoenix Project operated the [[Ford Nuclear Reactor]], which established the nation's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Martin |first = Joseph D. |date = February 2016 |title = The Peaceful Atom Comes to Campus |journal = Physics Today |volume = 69 |issue = 2 |pages = 40–46 |bibcode = 2016PhT....69b..40M |doi = 10.1063/pt.3.3081 |doi-access = free  |issn=0031-9228}}</ref>