Editing Ultrasound (section)

=== Animals ===
[[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|thumb|Bats use ultrasounds to navigate in the darkness.]]
[[File:Hundepfeife01.JPG|thumb|A [[dog whistle]], which emits sound in the ultrasonic range, used to train dogs and other animals]]

[[Bat]]s use a variety of ultrasonic ranging ([[Animal echolocation|echolocation]]) techniques to detect their prey. They can detect frequencies beyond 100&nbsp;kHz, possibly up to 200&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite book | title = Hearing by Bats | series = Springer Handbook of Auditory Research | volume = 5 | veditors = Popper A, Fay RR | publisher = Springer | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-1-4612-2556-0 }}</ref>

Many [[insect]]s have good ultrasonic hearing, and most of these are [[nocturnal]] insects listening for echolocating bats. These include many groups of [[moth]]s, [[beetles]], [[praying mantis]]es and [[lacewings]]. Upon hearing a bat, some insects will make [[Ultrasound avoidance|evasive manoeuvres]] to escape being caught.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Surlykke A, Miller LA |title=How some insects detect and avoid being eaten by bats: Tactics and counter tactics of prey and predator. |journal=BioScience |volume=51 |issue=7 |page=570 |year=2001 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a [[reflex action]] in the [[noctuid]] moth that causes it to drop slightly in its flight to evade attack.<ref name="autogenerated1627">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones G, Waters DA | title = Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 267 | issue = 1453 | pages = 1627–32 | date = August 2000 | pmid = 11467425 | pmc = 1690724 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2000.1188 }}</ref> [[Arctiidae|Tiger moth]]s also emit clicks which may disturb bats' echolocation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html|title=Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course|date=July 17, 2009| first = Matt | last = Kaplan |publisher=National Geographic News|access-date=2009-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822014813/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-moths-jam-bat-sonar.html|archive-date=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884 | title = Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar | work = Talk of the Nation | publisher = National Public Radio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170810131957/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106733884 | archive-date=2017-08-10 }}</ref> and in other cases may advertise the fact that they are poisonous by emitting sound.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Surlykke |first1=Annemarie |last2=Miller |first2=Lee A. |title=The influence of arctiid moth clicks on bat echolocation; jamming or warning? |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |date=1985 |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=831–843 |doi=10.1007/BF00610835 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tougaard J, Miller LA, Simmons JA | chapter = The role of arctiid moth clicks in defense against echolocating bats: interference with temporal processing | date = 2003 | title = Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins | veditors = Thomas J, Moss CF, Vater M | pages = 365–372 | publisher = Chicago University Press | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-0-226-79599-7 | chapter-url = {{GBurl|qjemeaVFBTUC|p=365}} }}</ref>

Dogs and cats' hearing range extends into the ultrasound; the top end of a dog's hearing range is about 45&nbsp;kHz, while a cat's is 64&nbsp;kHz.<ref name="Krantz">{{cite book| last=Krantz| first=Les | title=Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't| publisher=MacMillan| date=2009| pages=35–37| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l6jeMrA184C&q=%22dog+whistle%22+frequency&pg=PA36| isbn=978-0-312-56722-4}}</ref><ref name="Strain">{{cite web| last=Strain| first=George M.| title=How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?| work=Prof. Strain's website| publisher=School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University| date=2010| url=http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html| access-date=July 21, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808044148/http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html| archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref>  The wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range to hear high-frequency sounds made by their preferred prey, small rodents.<ref name="Krantz" />  A [[dog whistle]] is a whistle that emits ultrasound, used for training and calling dogs.  The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23 to 54&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 =  D Caroline | last1 = Coile | first2 = Margaret H | last2 = Bonham | title=Why Do Dogs Like Balls?: More Than 200 Canine Quirks, Curiosities, and Conundrums Revealed| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqe_I8Q83yAC&q=dog%20whistle%20frequency&pg=PA116 | year=2008| journal=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc| page=116 |  isbn=978-1-4027-5039-7 }}</ref>

[[Toothed whales]], including [[dolphins]], can hear ultrasound and use such sounds in their navigational system ([[biosonar]]) to orient and to capture prey.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-4356-4 |title=The Sonar of Dolphins |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-4612-8745-2 | vauthors = Au WW }}{{pn|date=July 2024}}</ref> [[Porpoises]] have the highest known upper hearing limit at around 160&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kastelein RA, Bunskoek P, Hagedoorn M, Au WW, de Haan D | title = Audiogram of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 334–44 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12141360 | doi = 10.1121/1.1480835 | bibcode = 2002ASAJ..112..334K }}</ref> Several types of fish can detect ultrasound. In the order [[Clupeiformes]], members of the subfamily [[Alosinae]] ([[shad]]) have been shown to be able to detect sounds up to 180&nbsp;kHz, while the other subfamilies (e.g. [[herring]]s) can hear only up to 4&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mann DA, Higgs DM, Tavolga WN, Souza MJ, Popper AN | title = Ultrasound detection by clupeiform fishes | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 109 | issue = 6 | pages = 3048–54 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11425147 | doi = 10.1121/1.1368406 | bibcode = 2001ASAJ..109.3048M }}</ref>

No bird species have been reported to be sensitive to ultrasound.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Beason |first1=Robert |title=What Can Birds Hear? |date=September 2004 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/78/ }}</ref>

Commercial ultrasonic systems have been sold for supposed indoors [[electronic pest control]] and outdoors [[ultrasonic algae control]]. However, no scientific evidence exists on the success of such devices for these purposes.<ref Name="Hui">{{cite book | title = Food plant sanitation | last = Hui | first = Yiu H. | year = 2003 | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 978-0-8247-0793-4 | page = 289 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5oIO2hzQD6wC&pg=PA289 }}</ref><ref Name="NAS">{{cite book | title = Vertebrate pests: problems and control; Volume 5 of Principles of plant and animal pest control, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Plant and Animal Pests; Issue 1697 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.))) | year = 1970 | publisher = National Academies | page = 92 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uDorAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 }}</ref><ref Name="ASTM">{{cite book |doi=10.1520/STP25255S |chapter=Protocol for Field Tests of Ultrasonic Devices for Rodent Management |title=Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials: Sixth Volume |date=1989 |pages=7–12 |isbn=0-8031-1281-5 | vauthors = Jackson W, McCartney W, Ashton A }}</ref>