Editing Typhon (section)

===Battle with Zeus===
Typhon challenged [[Zeus]] for rule of the cosmos.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA70 pp. 70–76]; West 1966, pp. 379–383; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA283 pp. 283–301]; Gantz, pp. 48–50; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA73 pp. 73–80].</ref> The earliest mention of Typhon, and his only occurrence in [[Homer]], is a passing reference in the ''[[Iliad]]'' to Zeus striking the ground around where Typhon lies defeated.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.780 2.780–784], a reference, apparently, not to their original battle but to an ongoing "lashing" by Zeus of Typhon where he lies buried, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 pp. 70–72]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' gives the first account of their battle. According to Hesiod, without the quick action of Zeus, Typhon would have "come to reign over mortals and immortals".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 836–838].</ref> In the ''Theogony'' Zeus and Typhon meet in cataclysmic conflict:

<blockquote>[Zeus] thundered hard and mightily: and the earth around resounded terribly and the wide heaven above, and the sea and Ocean's streams and the nether parts of the earth. Great Olympus reeled beneath the divine feet of the king as he arose and earth groaned thereat. And through the two of them heat took hold on the dark-blue sea, through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt. The whole earth seethed, and sky and sea: and the long waves raged along the beaches round and about at the rush of the deathless gods: and there arose an endless shaking. Hades trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the Titans under Tartarus who live with Cronos, because of the unending clamor and the fearful strife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D820 839–852].</ref></blockquote>

Zeus with his thunderbolt easily overcomes Typhon,<ref>Zeus' apparently easy victory over Typhon in Hesiod, in contrast to other accounts of the battle (see below), is consistent with, for example, what Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27] calls "Hesiod's pervasive glorification of Zeus".</ref> who is thrown down to earth in a fiery crash:

<blockquote>So when Zeus had raised up his might and seized his arms, thunder and lightning and lurid thunderbolt, he leaped from Olympus and struck him, and burned all the marvellous heads of the monster about him. But when Zeus had conquered him and lashed him with strokes, Typhoeus was hurled down, a maimed wreck, so that the huge earth groaned. And flame shot forth from the thunderstricken lord in the dim rugged glens of the mount, when he was smitten. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus. Even so, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 853–867].</ref></blockquote>

Defeated, Typhon is cast into [[Tartarus]] by an angry Zeus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D853 868].</ref>

[[Epimenides]] (7th or 6th century BC) seemingly knew a different version of the story, in which Typhon enters Zeus' palace while Zeus is asleep, but Zeus awakes and kills Typhon with a thunderbolt.<ref>[[Epimenides]] fr. 10 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 97); Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 49; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27 n. 93].</ref> [[Pindar]] apparently knew of a tradition which had the gods, in order to escape from Typhon, transform themselves into animals, and flee to Egypt.<ref>Griffiths, pp. 374–375; [[Pindar]], fr. 91 SM ''apud'' [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''[[On Abstinence from Eating Animals|On Abstinence From Animal Food]]'' 3.16 (Taylor, [https://archive.org/stream/selectworksporp00taylgoog#page/n132/mode/2up p. 111]); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA217 p. 217]; Gantz, p. 49; West 1966, p. 380; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> [[Pindar]] calls Typhon the "enemy of the gods",<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–16].</ref> and says that he was defeated by Zeus' thunderbolt.<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D8 8.16–17].</ref> In one poem Pindar has Typhon being held prisoner by Zeus under Etna,<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D4 4.6–7].</ref> and in another says that Typhon "lies in dread Tartarus", stretched out underground between Mount Etna and [[Cumae]].<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP.%3Apoem%3D1 1.15–28]; Gantz, p. 49.</ref>  In Aeschylus' ''Prometheus Bound'', a "hissing" Typhon, his eyes flashing, "withstood all the gods", but "the unsleeping bolt of Zeus" struck him, and "he was burnt to ashes and his strength blasted from him by the lightning bolt. And now, a helpless and a sprawling bulk, he lies hard by the narrows of the sea, pressed down beneath the roots of Aetna; while on the topmost summit Hephaestus sits and hammers the molten ore. There, one day, shall burst forth [370] rivers of fire,1with savage jaws devouring the level fields of Sicily, land of fair fruit—such boiling rage shall Typho, although charred by the blazing lightning of Zeus, send spouting forth with hot jets of appalling, fire-breathing surge."<ref>Gantz, p. 49; [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]] '' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:343-378 356–370].</ref>

According to [[Pherecydes of Athens]], during his battle with Zeus, Typhon first flees to the [[Caucasus]], which begins to burn, then to the volcanic island of Pithecussae (modern [[Ischia]]), off the coast of Cumae, where he is buried under the island.<ref>[[Pherecydes of Athens]], fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA298 pp. 298–299]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76 n. 47]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref> [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] (3rd century BC), like Pherecydes, presents a multi-stage battle, with Typhon being struck by Zeus' thunderbolt on mount [[Caucasus]], before fleeing to the mountains and plain of Nysa, and ending up (as already mentioned by the  fifth-century BC Greek historian [[Herodotus]]) buried under [[Lake Bardawil|Lake Serbonis]] in Egypt.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 p. 29]; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/184/mode/2up 2.1208–1215 (pp. 184–185)]; cf. [[Herodotus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+3.5 3.5].</ref>

Like Pindar, [[Nicander]] has all the gods, but Zeus and [[Athena]], transform into animal forms and flee to Egypt: [[Apollo]] became a hawk, [[Hermes]] an ibis, [[Ares]] a fish, [[Artemis]] a cat, [[Dionysus]] a goat, [[Heracles]] a fawn, [[Hephaestus]] an ox, and [[Leto]] a mouse.<ref>[[Nicander]], ''apud'' [[Antoninus Liberalis]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&pg=PA87 28].</ref>

The geographer [[Strabo]] (c. 20 AD) gives several locations which were associated with the battle. According to Strabo, Typhon was said to have cut the serpentine channel of the [[Orontes River]], which flowed beneath the [[Syria]]n Mount Kasios (modern [[Jebel Aqra]]), while fleeing from Zeus,<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html#2.7 16.2.7]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA76 p. 76].</ref> and some placed the battle at [[Catacecaumene]] ("Burnt Land"),<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.19 12.8.19], compare with [[Diodorus Siculus]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html 5.71.2–6], which says that Zeus slew Typhon in Phrygia.</ref> a volcanic plain, on the upper [[Gediz River]], between the ancient kingdoms of [[Lydia]], [[Mysia]] and [[Phrygia]], near [[Mount Tmolus]] (modern Bozdağ) and [[Sardis]] the ancient capital of Lydia.<ref>Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA289 pp. 289–291], rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".</ref>

In the versions of the battle given by Hesiod, Aeschylus and Pindar, Zeus' defeat of Typhon is straightforward; however, a more involved version of the battle is given by Apollodorus.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 pp. 73–74]; Lane Fox, pp. 287–288; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.6.3 1.6.3].  Though a late account, Apollodorus may have drawn upon early sources, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA287 p. 287], Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> No early source gives any reason for the conflict, but Apollodorus's account seemingly implies that Typhon had been produced by Gaia to avenge the destruction, by Zeus and the other gods, of the Giants, a previous generation of offspring of Gaia. According to Apollodorus, Typhon, "hurling kindled rocks", attacked the gods, "with hissings and shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth." Seeing this, the gods transformed into animals and fled to Egypt (as in Pindar and Nicander). However "Zeus pelted Typhon at a distance with thunderbolts, and at close quarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle".<ref>Perhaps this was supposed to be the same sickle which Cronus used to castrate [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], see [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D173 173 ff.]; Lane Fox, p. 288.</ref> Wounded, Typhon fled to the Syrian Mount Kasios, where Zeus "grappled" with him. But Typhon, twining his snaky coils around Zeus, was able to wrest away the sickle and cut the sinews from Zeus' hands and feet. Typhon carried the disabled Zeus across the sea to the [[Corycian cave (Turkey)|Corycian cave]] in Cilicia where he set the she-serpent [[Delphyne]] to guard over Zeus and his severed sinews, which Typhon had hidden in a bearskin.  But [[Hermes]] and [[Aegipan]] (possibly another name for [[Pan (god)|Pan]])<ref>Gantz, p. 50; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Daegipan-bio-1 "Aegipan"].</ref> stole the sinews and gave them back to Zeus. His strength restored, Zeus chased Typhon to mount Nysa, where the [[Moirai]] tricked Typhon into eating "ephemeral fruits" which weakened him. Typhon then fled to [[Thrace]], where he threw mountains at Zeus, which were turned back on him by Zeus' thunderbolts, and the mountain where Typhon stood, being drenched with Typhon's blood, became known as Mount Haemus (Bloody Mountain). Typhon then fled to [[Sicily]], where Zeus threw [[Mount Etna]] on top of Typhon burying him, and so finally defeated him.

[[Oppian]] (2nd century AD) says that Pan helped Zeus in the battle by tricking Typhon to come out from his lair, and into the open, by the "promise of a banquet of fish", thus enabling Zeus to defeat Typhon with his thunderbolts.<ref>[[Oppian]], ''[[Halieutica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/oppiancolluthust00oppiuoft#page/344/mode/2up 3.15–25 (pp. 344–347)]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA287 p. 287]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74, p. 74].</ref>

====Nonnus's ''Dionysiaca''====
[[File:002MA_Friso.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Three-Bodied Daemon (ACMA 35)|three-bodied daemon]], perhaps Typhon. [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Greece]].]]

The longest and most involved version of the battle appears in [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' (late 4th or early 5th century AD).<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 pp. 74–75]; Lane Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZFM-TUwFxgC&pg=PA286 pp. 286–288]; Ogden 2013a, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74, pp. 74– 75].</ref> Zeus hides his thunderbolts in a cave, so that he might seduce the maiden [[Pluto (mother of Tantalus)|Pluto]], and so produce [[Tantalus]]. But smoke rising from the thunderbolts, enables Typhon, under the guidance of Gaia, to locate Zeus's weapons, steal them, and hide them in another cave.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n69/mode/2up 1.145–164 (I pp. 12–15)].</ref> Immediately Typhon extends "his clambering hands into the upper air" and begins a long and concerted attack upon the heavens.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/15/mode/2up 1.164–257 (I pp. 14–21)].</ref> Then "leaving the air" he turns his attack upon the seas.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/20/mode/2up 1.258–293 (I pp. 20–25)].</ref> Finally Typhon attempts to wield Zeus' thunderbolts, but they "felt the hands of a novice, and all their manly blaze was unmanned."<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/24/mode/2up 1.294–320 (I pp. 24–27)].</ref>

Now Zeus' sinews had somehow – Nonnus does not say how or when — fallen to the ground during their battle, and Typhon had taken them also.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/40/mode/2up 1.510–512 (I pp. 40–41)]. Nonnus' account regarding the sinews is vague and not altogether sensible since as yet Zeus and Typhon have not met, see Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA75 p. 75 n. 11] and Rose's note to [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/40/mode/2up 510 pp. 40–41 n. ''b''].</ref> But Zeus devises a plan with [[Cadmus]] and [[Pan (god)|Pan]] to beguile Typhon.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/28/mode/2up 1.363–407 (I pp. 28–33)].</ref> Cadmus, disguised as a shepherd, enchants Typhon by playing the panpipes, and Typhon entrusting the thunderbolts to Gaia, sets out to find the source of the music he hears.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/32/mode/2up 1.409–426 (I pp. 32–35)].</ref> Finding Cadmus, he challenges him to a contest, offering Cadmus any goddess as wife, excepting Hera whom Typhon has reserved for himself.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/34/mode/2up 1.427–480 (I pp. 34–37)]. For Typhon's plans to marry Hera see also [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/68/mode/2up 2.316–333 (I pp. 68–69)], [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/86/mode/2up 1.581–586 (I pp. 86–87)].</ref> Cadmus then tells Typhon that, if he liked the "little tune" of his pipes, then he would love the music of his lyre – if only it could be strung with Zeus' sinews.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/38/mode/2up 1.481–481 (I pp. 38–39)].</ref> So Typhon retrieves the sinews and gives them to Cadmus, who hides them in another cave, and again begins to play his bewitching pipes, so that "Typhoeus yielded his whole soul to Cadmos for the melody to charm".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/38/mode/2up 1.507–534 (I pp. 38–41)].</ref>

With Typhon distracted, Zeus takes back his thunderbolts. Cadmus stops playing, and Typhon, released from his spell, rushes back to his cave to discover the thunderbolts gone. Incensed Typhon unleashes devastation upon the world: animals are devoured, (Typhon's many animal heads each eat animals of its own kind), rivers turned to dust, seas made dry land, and the land "laid waste".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/44/mode/2up 2.1–93 (I pp. 44–51)].</ref>

The day ends with Typhon yet unchallenged, and while the other gods "moved about the cloudless Nile",  Zeus waits through the night for the coming dawn.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/56/mode/2up 2.163–169 (I pp. 56–57)].</ref> Victory "reproaches" Zeus, urging him to "stand up as champion of your own children!"<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/60/mode/2up 2.205–236 (I pp. 60–63)].</ref> Dawn comes and Typhon roars out a challenge to Zeus.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/62/mode/2up 2.244–355 (I pp. 62–71)].</ref> And a cataclysmic battle for "the sceptre and throne of Zeus" is joined. Typhon piles up mountains as battlements and with his "legions of arms innumerable", showers volley after volley of trees and rocks at Zeus, but all are destroyed, or blown aside, or dodged, or thrown back at Typhon. Typhon throws torrents of water at Zeus' thunderbolts to quench them, but Zeus is able to cut off some of Typhon's hands with "frozen volleys of air as by a knife", and hurling thunderbolts is able to burn more of Typhon's "endless hands", and cut off some of his "countless heads". Typhon is attacked by the four winds, and "frozen volleys of jagged hailstones."<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/72/mode/2up 2.356–539 (I pp. 72–85)].</ref> Gaia tries to aid her burnt and frozen son.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/84/mode/2up 2.540–552 (I pp. 84–85)].</ref> Finally Typhon falls, and Zeus shouts out a long stream of mocking taunts, telling Typhon that he is to be buried under Sicily's hills, with a [[cenotaph]] over him which will read "This is the barrow of Typhoeus, son of Earth, who once lashed the sky with stones, and the fire of heaven burnt him up".<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/84/mode/2up 2.553–630 (I pp. 84–91)].</ref>