Editing Tuscaloosa, Alabama (section)

===Civil rights movement===
{{Main|Autherine Lucy|Stand in the Schoolhouse Door}}
In the post World War II era, African Americans increased their activism to ensure their constitutional civil rights and challenged southern segregation in numerous ways. In 1952, [[Autherine Lucy]] was admitted to the university as a graduate student, but her admission was rescinded when authorities discovered she was not White. After three years of legal wrangling, [[Thurgood Marshall]] and the [[NAACP]] got a court order preventing the university from banning Lucy and another student based on race. The following year, Lucy enrolled as a graduate student in Library Science on February 3, 1956, becoming the first Black admitted to a White public school or university in the state.<ref name="Clark-1993">{{cite book |title=The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Last Stand at the University of Alabama |url=https://archive.org/details/schoolhousedoors00clar |url-access=registration |author=E. Culpepper Clark |location= New York, Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/schoolhousedoors00clar/page/55 55]|isbn=978-0-19-507417-8 }}</ref><ref name=racebeat>{{cite book|first1=Gene |last1=Roberts |author1-link=Gene Roberts (journalist) |first2=Hank |last2=Klibanoff |author-link2=Hank Klibanoff |title=The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene |url-access=limited |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |place=New York |year=2006 |isbn=0-679-40381-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/racebeatpressciv00gene/page/129 129]–131}}</ref>  During her first day of class on February 6, students and others rioted on the campus, where a mob of more than a thousand students pelted the car in which she was taken to her classes. Death threats were made against her, and the university president's home was stoned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huges|first1=Longston|last2=Meltzer|first2=Milton|last3=Lincoln|first3=C. Eric|last4=Spencer|first4=Jon Michael|title=A Pictorial history of African Americans|date=1995|publisher=crown Publishers, Inc|pages=306–307}}</ref> The riots were the most violent involving a pro-segregation demonstration since the landmark ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' Supreme Court decision. After the riots, the university suspended Lucy from school, stating her own safety was a concern; it later expelled her on a technicality. She was active in civil rights for a time, but withdrew later that year. Decades later, after her expulsion was annulled by the university in 1988, Lucy re-enrolled and completed her M.S. in Education and graduated, together with her daughter, in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Associated Press|title=Expelled in 1956, Autherine Lucy Foster Receives Honorary Doctorate from University of Alabama|url=https://www.apr.org/post/expelled-1956-autherine-lucy-foster-receives-honorary-doctorate-university-alabama|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=www.apr.org|date=May 6, 2019|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Malone Hood Plaza University of Alabama northeast view.jpg|thumb|Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza in 2010. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.]]
On June 11, 1963, [[George Wallace]], governor of Alabama, stood in front of the [[Foster Auditorium]] entrance at The University of Alabama in what became known as the [[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]] in an attempt to stop [[school integration in the United States|desegregation]] of that institution by the enrollment of two [[African-American]] students, [[Vivian Malone Jones|Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door|url=https://www.npr.org/2003/06/11/1294680/wallace-in-the-schoolhouse-door|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> He had created a challenge to federal orders, when confronted by US Deputy Attorney General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and [[United States Marshals Service|federal marshal]]s sent in by Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Wallace stepped aside. President [[John F. Kennedy]] had supported integration of the University of Alabama as well.<ref name="uabint">{{cite news|title=Civil rights pioneer Vivian Jones dies |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-10-13-jonesobit_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |date=October 13, 2005 |access-date=January 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |title=University of Alabama - 1963 Year In Review - Audio |website=UPI.com |date=September 13, 1998 |access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref>

On June 9, 1964, in an event that later became known as [[Bloody Tuesday (1964)|Bloody Tuesday]], a group of African-American [[Civil rights]] marchers were beaten, arrested and tear-gassed by police in Tuscaloosa while walking from the [[First African Baptist Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama)|First African Baptist Church]] to the County Courthouse to protest against the segregated restrooms and drinking fountains of this public facility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20110426/NEWS/110429803?p=1&tc=pg&tc=ar |title=Old files show city's role in civil rights era |last1=Stevenson |first1=Tommy |date=April 26, 2011 |website=Tuscaloosa News}}</ref> Thirty-three people were sent to the hospital for treatment of injuries, and 94 were arrested. The events were not witnessed by outside journalists and had little influence outside the local community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/news/tuscaloosa/index.ssf/2014/06/bloody_tuesday_tuscaloosa_reme.html |title='Bloody Tuesday': Tuscaloosa remembers civil rights marchers brutalized 50 years ago |agency=Associated Press |date=June 10, 2014 |website=AL.com}}</ref>

James Hood dropped out of the University of Alabama after two months. He later returned, and in 1997, received his Ph.D. in [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Trounson|first=Rebecca|date=January 19, 2013|title=James A. Hood dies at 70; fought segregation at University of Alabama|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2013-jan-19-la-me-james-hood-20130119-story.html|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=L.A. Times}}</ref> Malone persisted in her studies at the time and became the first Black American to graduate from the university.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Birmingham|date=February 25, 2021|title=Teaching About the Unsung Heroes of Black History|url=https://www.birminghamtimes.com/2021/02/teaching-about-the-unsung-heroes-of-black-history/|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=The Birmingham Times|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2000, the university granted her an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters. Later in his life, Governor Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to [[racial integration]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alabama|first=Associated Press in Birmingham|date=February 8, 2021|title=George Wallace, segregationist Alabama governor, loses university honor|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/08/george-wallace-alabama-governor-segregation-forever-university-building|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by renaming the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting the Autherine Lucy Clock Tower in the plaza.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Anna Beth|date=February 18, 2019|title=UA works to rectify racist history|url=https://cw.ua.edu/50779/opinion/ua-is-taking-steps-toward-racial-reconciliation/|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=The Crimson White}}</ref> In 2022, the university dedicated the home of the College of Education as Autherine Lucy Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welbourne |first=Bryant |date=2022-03-01 |title=UA Dedicates Autherine Lucy Hall |url=https://news.ua.edu/2022/03/ua-dedicates-autherine-lucy-hall/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=University of Alabama News |language=en-US}}</ref>