Editing Turner syndrome (section)

====Cardiac====
[[File:The basic anatomy of the bicuspid aortic valve.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Bicuspid aortic valve]]
Approximately half of individuals with Turner syndrome have [[congenital heart defect]]s. CHDs associated with Turner syndrome include [[bicuspid aortic valve]]s (30%), [[coarctation of the aorta]] (15%), and abnormalities of the arteries in the head and neck.<ref name="ajmga1" /> A rare but potentially fatal complication of heart defects in Turner syndrome is [[aortic dissection]], where the inner layer of the [[aorta]] tears open. Aortic dissection is six times as common in females with Turner syndrome as the general population and accounts for 8% of all deaths in the syndrome. The risk is substantially increased for individuals with bicuspid aortic valves, who make up 95% of patients with aortic dissection compared to 30% of all Turner's patients, and coarctation of the aorta, who make up 90% and 15% respectively.<ref name="adc">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turtle EJ, Sule AA, Webb DJ, Bath LE | title = Aortic dissection in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome: risk factors and management recommendations | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 100 | issue = 7 | pages = 662–666 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25573747 | doi = 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307080 | s2cid = 206857477 }}</ref>

[[Coronary artery disease]] onsets earlier in life in women with Turner syndrome compared to controls, and mortality from cardiac events is increased. This is thought to be in part a function of the relationship between Turner syndrome and [[obesity]]; women with Turner syndrome have a higher percentage of body fat for their weight than control women, and their short stature makes weight control more difficult. Though coronary artery disease is frequently thought a disease of older adults, young women with Turner syndrome are more likely to develop the disease than their 46,XX peers. Treatment recommendations for women with Turner syndrome and coronary artery disease are as in the general population, but as Turner's increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, women with insulin resistance must weigh up the benefits of [[prophylactic]] or early [[statin]] treatment with the risk of Type II diabetes.<ref name="ajmga1" />