Editing Turkic languages (section)

===Geographical expansion and development===

[[File:Yuntai Uyghur east wall.jpg|thumb|right| [[Yuan dynasty]] Buddhist inscription written in [[Old Uyghur language]] with [[Old Uyghur alphabet]] on the east wall of the [[Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]]]]

With the [[Turkic peoples#Steppe expansions|Turkic expansion]] during the [[Early Middle Ages]] (c.&nbsp;6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across [[Central Asia]], from [[Siberia]] to the [[Mediterranean]]. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poppe|first=Nicolas J.|title=A Survey of Studies of Turkic Loan-Words in the Russian Language|date=1966|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=11|issue=4|pages=287–310|jstor=41926932|issn=0008-9192|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128225545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and to a lesser extent, [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="Findley">{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 2004|isbn=978-0-19-517726-8}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2018}}

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across [[Eurasia]] since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of [[Siberia]] to Turkey in the West.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 Turkic Language tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 |date=14 September 2012 }} entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions.</ref> (See picture in the box on the right above.)

For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through [[language contact|contact]] with the surrounding languages, especially the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], and [[Mongolic languages]].<ref name="Johanson">{{Cite book |author=Johanson |first=Lars |url=https://www.academia.edu/84611709 |title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul |year=2001 |isbn=91-86884-10-7 |location=Stockholm |publication-date=2001 |access-date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:<ref name="historyofturkic">Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81–125, 1998.[http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html Classification of Turkic languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Turkic'''
**[[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
***[[Oghuz languages|Oghuz Turkic]] (Southwestern)
***[[Kipchak languages|Kipchak Turkic]] (Northwestern)
***[[Karluk languages|Karluk Turkic]] (Southeastern)
***[[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] (Northeastern)
***[[Argu languages|Arghu Turkic]]
**[[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]]
{{tree list/end}}

In this classification, [[Oghuric languages|Oghur Turkic]] is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or [[Common Turkic]]. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.<ref>See the main article on [[Oghuric languages|Lir-Turkic]].</ref>

With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as '''West Turkic''', the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as '''East Turkic'''.<ref name="Ethnologue Turkic">{{cite web|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. |author-link=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Turkic|access-date=2007-03-18|year=2005|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|url-status=live}} The reliability of ''Ethnologue'' lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959–1964). A more up-to-date alternative to classifying these languages on internal comparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.</ref>

Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Hruschka, et al. (2014)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |pmid=25532895 |pmc=4291143 |title=Detecting Regular Sound Changes in Linguistics as Events of Concerted Evolution 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |year=2015 |last1=Hruschka |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Smith |first3=Eric D. |last4=Wilkins |first4=Jon |last5=Meade |first5=Andrew |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |last7=Bhattacharya |first7=Tanmoy }}</ref> use [[computational phylogenetic]] methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological [[sound change]]s.
[[File:LinguisticDiagramTurkic.png|thumb|400x400px|A classification scheme of all the Turkic languages]]