Editing Tunis (section)

===New capital of Tunisia===
In 1159, the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] '[[Abd al-Mu'min]] took Tunis, overthrew the last Khurasanid leader, and installed a new government in the [[kasbah]] of Tunis.<ref name="Renate"/> [[Almohad conquest of Norman Africa|The Almohad conquest]] marked the beginning of the dominance of the city in Tunisia. Having previously played a minor role behind [[Kairouan]] and [[Mahdia]], Tunis was promoted to the rank of provincial capital.

In 1228, Governor [[Abu Zakariya]] seized power and, a year later, took the title of Emir and founded the [[Hafsid dynasty]]. The city became the capital of a Hafsid kingdom stretching towards [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Fes|Fez]]. Walls were built to protect the emerging principal town of the kingdom, surrounding the medina, the kasbah, and the new suburbs of Tunis. In 1270 the city was taken briefly by [[Louis IX of France]], who was hoping to convert the Hafsid sovereign to Christianity. King Louis easily captured [[Carthage]], but his army soon fell victim to an outbreak of dysentery. Louis himself died before the walls of the capital and his army were forced out. At the same time, driven by the reconquest of Spain, the first Andalusian Muslims and Jews arrived in Tunis and would become of importance to the economic prosperity of the Hafsid capital and the development of its intellectual life.<ref name="Renate"/>

During the Almohad and Hafsid periods, Tunis was one of the richest and grandest cities in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]], with a population of about 100,000. Like the Almohads, the Hafsids maintained Christian mercenaries who lived in a neighbourhood closed off with a gate near the Hafsid palace complex. They worshipped in a church dedicated to [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] which visitors described as "very beautiful and great" and which was allowed to ring the bell, a practice forbidden by the so-called [[Pact of Umar]] and a privilege not granted to the Genoese and Venetian merchants who maintained chapels in their merchant quarters. When Jean Adorno visited Tunis in 1470, he described these Christians as assimilated culturally and linguistically into Tunisian society, though they remained Christians and would sing in Latin during mass.<ref name="Lower">{{cite book |last1=Lower |first1=Michael |editor1-last=France |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=DeVries |editor2-first=Kelly |editor3-last=Rogers |editor3-first=Clifford J. |title=Journal of Medieval Military History |date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-78327-130-6 |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY3gDQAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=en |chapter=Medieval European Mercenaries in North Africa}}</ref>

During this period, one of the famous travelers to Tunis was [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his travel account, when Ibn Battuta and his group arrived in Tunis, the population of the city came out to meet him and the other members of his party. They all greeted them and were very curious, many were asking questions, however, no one in Tunis personally greeted Ibn Battuta, greatly upsetting him. He felt very lonely and could not hold back the tears coming from his eyes. This went on for a while until one of the pilgrims realized he was upset, he went up and greeted and talked to Ibn Battuta until he entered the city. At the time, the Sultan of Tunis was Abu Yahya and during Ibn Battuta's stay, the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast was taking place. The people in the city assembled in large numbers to celebrate the festival, in extravagant and most luxurious outfits. Abu Yahya arrived on horseback, where all of his relatives joined him. After the performance, the people returned to their homes.<ref>Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta</ref>