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==== Glancing impact hypothesis ==== In 2020, a group of Russian scientists used a range of computer models to calculate the passage of asteroids with diameters of 200, 100, and 50 metres at oblique angles across Earth's atmosphere. They used a range of assumptions about the object's composition as if it was made of iron, rock, or ice. The model that most closely matched the observed event was an iron asteroid up to 200 metres in diameter, travelling at 11.2 km per second, that [[Earth-grazing fireball|glanced off]] the Earth's atmosphere and returned into solar orbit.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khrennikov|first1=Daniil E|last2=Titov|first2=Andrei K|last3=Ershov|first3=Alexander E|last4=Pariev|first4=Vladimir I|last5=Karpov|first5=Sergei V|title=On the possibility of through passage of asteroid bodies across the Earth's atmosphere|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=21 March 2020|volume=493|issue=1|pages=1344β1351|doi=10.1093/mnras/staa329|doi-access=free|arxiv=2009.14234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Most Explosive Meteor Impact: 1908 Tunguska Explosion Caused by Iron Asteroid That Entered Earth Then Bounced Back to Space|url=https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/25599/20200506/explosive-meteor-impact-1908-tunguska-explosion-caused-iron-asteroid-entered.htm|date=6 May 2020|website=Science Times|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507225419/http://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/25599/20200506/explosive-meteor-impact-1908-tunguska-explosion-caused-iron-asteroid-entered.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World's largest 'explosion' could have been caused by iron asteroid entering and leaving atmosphere|url=https://siberiantimes.com/science/others/news/worlds-largest-explosion-could-have-been-caused-by-iron-asteroid-entering-and-leaving-atmosphere/|website=siberiantimes.com|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507000035/http://siberiantimes.com/science/others/news/worlds-largest-explosion-could-have-been-caused-by-iron-asteroid-entering-and-leaving-atmosphere/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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