Editing Tsetse fly (section)

===Life cycle===
[[File:glossina palpalis morsitans.jpg |upright=1.35|right|thumb|''Glossina palpalis'' and ''G. morsitans'' from a 1920 lexicon]]

Tsetse has an unusual [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]], which may be due to the richness of their blood food source. A female fertilizes only one egg at a time; she will retain each egg within her uterus, the offspring developing internally (during the first three [[Instar|larval stages]]), in an adaptation called [[adenotrophic viviparity]].<ref name="Vreysen-et-al-2013">{{cite journal | last1=Vreysen | first1=Marc J.B. | last2=Seck | first2=Momar Talla | last3=Sall | first3=Baba | last4=Bouyer | first4=Jérémy | title=Tsetse flies: Their biology and control using area-wide integrated pest management approaches | journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]] | publisher=[[Academic Press]] ([[Elsevier]])| volume=112 | year=2013 | issn=0022-2011 | doi=10.1016/j.jip.2012.07.026 | pages=S15–S25 | s2cid=20005358 | pmid=22878217}}</ref> During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance (secreted by a modified gland) in the uterus.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Geoffrey M. Attardoa |author2=Claudia Lohs |author3=Abdelaziz Heddi |author4=Uzma H. Alama |author5=Suleyman Yildirim |author6=Serap Aksoy |title=Analysis of milk gland structure and function in ''Glossina morsitans'': Milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=54 |issue=8 |date=August 2008 |pages=1236–1242 |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.008|pmid=18647605 |pmc=2613686 }}</ref>
In the third larval stage, the tsetse larvae leave the uterus and begin an independent life. The newly-birthed larvae crawl into the ground and develop a hard outer shell (called the [[puparium|puparial case]]), within which they complete their morphological transformations into adult flies.<ref name=slapeta2024>{{cite web|url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/flies/tsetse-flies|title=Tsetse Flies, Professional Version|last=Šlapeta|first=Jan|website=Merck Manual Veterinary Manual|version=Professional Version|access-date=18 February 2025|date=September 2024|orig-date=Originally published August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Glossina_morsitans/|title=''Glossina morsitans''|last=Fraumann|first=Robert|website=Animal Diversity Web|editor-last1=Diamond|editor-first1=Sara|editor-last2=David|editor-first2=Solomon|year=2003|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

The larval life stage has a variable duration, ranging from four<ref name=benoit2021>{{cite journal|last1=Benoit|first1=Joshua B.|last2=Lahondère|first2=Chloé|last3=Attardo|first3=Geoffrey M.|last4=Michalkova|first4=Veronika|last5=Oyen|first5=Kennan|last6=Xiao|first6=Yanyu|last7=Aksoy|first7=Serap|title=Warm Blood Meal Increases Digestion Rate and Milk Protein Production to Maximize Reproductive Output for the Tsetse Fly, ''Glossina morsitans''|journal=Insects|volume=13|issue=11|year=2021|doi=10.3390/insects13110997|doi-access=free|id=Art. No. 997|hdl=10919/112559|hdl-access=free}}</ref> to ten days,<ref name=slapeta2024/> and the larvae must rely on the resources shared by the mother. The importance of the richness and quality of blood to this stage can be seen; all tsetse development (prior to emerging from the puparial case as a full adult after 35 days<ref name=slapeta2024/>) occurs with only the nutrition provided by the mother fly. She must get enough energy for her own survival, as well as for the resources that her offspring, whose mass can exceed that of the mother,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haines|first1=Lee R.|last2=Vale|first2=Glyn A.|last3=Barreaux|first3=Antoine M.G.|last4=Ellstrand|first4=Norman C.|last5=Hargrove|first5=John W.|last6=English|first6=Sinead|title=Big Baby, Little Mother: Tsetse Flies Are Exceptions to the Juvenile Small Size Principle|journal=BioEssays|volume=42|issue=11|id=Art. No. 2000049|year=2020|doi=10.1002/bies.202000049|doi-access=free}}</ref> will require until it emerges as an adult.<ref name=benoit2021/>  Both the male and female tsetse flies feed on blood, however.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Blood meal analysis of tsetse flies (''Glossina pallidipes'': Glossinidae) reveals higher host fidelity on wild compared with domestic hosts|journal=Wellcome Open Research|volume=6|year=2021|last1=Channumsin|first1=Manun|last2=Ciosi|first2=Marc|last3=Masiga|first3=Dan|last4=Auty|first4=Harriet|last5=Turner|first5=C. Michael|last6=Kilbride|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Mable|first7=Barbara K.|doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16978.1|pmid=34703903|pmc=8513123|doi-access=free|id=Art. No. 213|version=Version 1}}</ref>

Technically, these insects undergo the standard [[morphogenesis|development]] process of insects, beginning with [[oocyte]] formation, ovulation, fertilization, and development of the egg; following egg development and birth is the three [[larva]]l stages, a [[pupa]]l stage, and the emergence and maturation of the adult.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}