Editing Trondheim (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:Nidelva-Trondheim-foliage.JPG|thumb|right|Autumn [[foliage]] along Nidelva; October 2009]]
Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets [[Trondheim Fjord]] with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid–17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the [[Storheia]] hill, {{convert|565|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. At the summer [[solstice]], the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, and then stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trondheim, Norway – Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times for the whole year – Gaisma |url=http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/trondheim.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205408/https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/trondheim.html |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=1 July 2013 |publisher=Gaisma.com}}</ref> At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.

=== Climate ===
Trondheim city has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]) or [[humid continental climate]] (Dfb), depending on the winter threshold used (−3&nbsp;°C or 0&nbsp;°C). The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has slightly colder winters, while the part close to the fjord has the mildest winters. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong south and southwesterly winds which can occur along the outer seaboard but is more exposed to northwesterly winds. As with the rest of Norway, the weather is dependent on the weather pattern. High pressure over Central Norway or to the east gives sunny weather which can last for weeks. Conversely, Atlantic Lows can also dominate for weeks, and both patterns can happen all year. In 2020 May saw northwesterlies with cold air from northwest lasting weeks and even bringing snowfall, while June 2020 recorded 345 sun hours and new record high {{convert|34.3|°C|0|abbr=on}}, Norway's warmest high in 2020. The sunniest month on record is May 2024 with 366 sunhours. 
Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March,<ref>{{Cite web |title=See Norway's snow, weather, water and climate anytime anywhere |url=http://senorge.no/mapPage.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109024138/http://www.senorge.no/mapPage.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2008 |access-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There are on average 14 days each winter with at least {{convert|25|cm|0|abbr=on}} of snow cover on the ground and 22 days with a daily minimum temperature of {{convert|-10|°C|0|abbr=on}} or less (1971–2000, airport). There is often more snow and later snowmelt in suburban areas at a higher elevation, with good skiing conditions in [[Bymarka]]. All the monthly record lows are from 1955 or older, with half of them from before 1920. The last overnight frost in June was in 1958. The all-time low {{convert|-26|°C|1|abbr=on}} was recorded February 1899. The all-time high {{convert|35|°C}} was recorded 22 July 1901. The warmest month on record is July 2014 with mean {{convert|19.5|°C|1|abbr=on}} and average daily high {{convert|24.9|°C|1|abbr=on}} (airport). The coldest month on record is February 1966 with mean {{convert|-9.9|°C|1|abbr=on}} and average daily low {{convert|-14.2|°C|1|abbr=on}} (airport). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below {{convert|0|°C|1|abbr=on}}) in spring is 1 May <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2012 |title=Siste frostnatt om våren |url=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/siste-frostnatt-om-varen-1.8119060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306095039/https://www.yr.no/artikkel/siste-frostnatt-om-varen-1.8119060 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=NRK|language=nb}}</ref> and average date for first freeze in autumn is 9 October<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husebø |first=Trond-Ole |date=25 September 2013 |title=Første frostnatt |url=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste-frostnatt-1.11261900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807222743/https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste-frostnatt-1.11261900 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=NRK|language=nb}}</ref> giving a frost-free season of 160 days (Trondheim Airport Værnes 1981-2010 average). 
The earliest weather stations were located closer to the city centre, from 1945 onwards the weather station has been located at a higher elevation (Voll, 127 m and Tyholt, 113 m), therefore being slightly colder.
A new sunrecorder was established in the city by met.no at [[Gløshaugen]] (NTNU campus) December 2015, recording more sunhours than the earlier sunrecorder, which had terrain blocking issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Over 1600 soltimer i Bergen |url=http://www.arstadposten.no/2017/02/10/1600-soltimer-bergen-fjor-trass-elendig-vaer-skoleferien/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165248/http://www.arstadposten.no/2017/02/10/1600-soltimer-bergen-fjor-trass-elendig-vaer-skoleferien/ |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=25 June 2017 |publisher=årstadposten |language=nb}}</ref> There are on average 229 sunhours in July (based 2016–2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |orig-date=13 June 2021 |title=Slik er været i fellesferien – statistisk sett |url=https://www.met.no/nyhetsarkiv/slik-er-vaeret-i-fellesferien-statistisk-sett |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160815/https://www.met.no/nyhetsarkiv/slik-er-vaeret-i-fellesferien-statistisk-sett |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-27 |publisher=Met.no|language=nb}}</ref> Trondheim recorded 197 sunhours in October 2016 beating the previous national record for October. In April 2019, Trondheim recorded 308 sunhours, setting a new national record for April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-29 |title=Været i april: Uvanlig varmt og tørt – VG |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/VbxRX1/vaeret-i-april-uvanlig-varmt-og-toert |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223161231/https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/VbxRX1/vaeret-i-april-uvanlig-varmt-og-toert |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-27 |newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]]|language=nb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-29 |title=Tidenes solfest i Trøndelag i april |url=https://www.adressa.no/pluss/nyheter/2019/04/29/Tidenes-solfest-i-Tr%C3%B8ndelag-i-april-18926093.ece?rs6685151645632649987&t=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223161234/https://www.adressa.no/pluss/nyheter/2019/04/29/Tidenes-solfest-i-Tr%C3%B8ndelag-i-april-18926093.ece?rs6685151645632649987&t=1 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-27 |publisher=adressa.no|language=nb}}</ref> In contrast, December 2016 only recorded 10 sunhours.

{{Weather box
|location = [[Trondheim Airport Værnes]] 1991–2020 (12 m, extremes 1946–2024, sunhrs 2016–2024) 
|collapsed=
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 13.7 | Jan record low C = -25.6
|Feb record high C = 13.8 | Feb record low C = -25.5
|Mar record high C = 15.7 | Mar record low C = -23.0
|Apr record high C = 23.3 | Apr record low C = -13.9
|May record high C = 30 | May record low C = -4.7
|Jun record high C = 34.3 | Jun record low C = -0.2
|Jul record high C = 33.5 | Jul record low C = 2.3
|Aug record high C = 31.3 | Aug record low C = -0.3
|Sep record high C = 27.9 | Sep record low C = -4.9
|Oct record high C = 22.1 | Oct record low C = -10.8
|Nov record high C = 16.1 | Nov record low C = -19.0
|Dec record high C = 13.1 | Dec record low C = -23.5
|Jan high C = 1.9
|Feb high C = 2.0
|Mar high C = 4.6
|Apr high C = 9.3
|May high C = 13.8
|Jun high C = 17.1
|Jul high C = 19.8
|Aug high C = 19.1
|Sep high C = 15.0
|Oct high C = 9.3
|Nov high C = 4.7
|Dec high C = 2.3
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = -1
|Feb mean C = -1.1
|Mar mean C = 1
|Apr mean C = 5.1
|May mean C = 9.2
|Jun mean C = 12.6
|Jul mean C = 15.2
|Aug mean C = 14.6
|Sep mean C = 11
|Oct mean C = 5.8
|Nov mean C = 1.7
|Dec mean C = -0.7
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -4.1
|Feb low C = -4.1
|Mar low C = -2.2
|Apr low C = 1.4
|May low C = 5.3
|Jun low C = 8.9
|Jul low C = 11.4
|Aug low C = 11.0
|Sep low C = 7.8
|Oct low C = 2.9
|Nov low C = -1.1
|Dec low C = -3.9
|year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 64.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 63.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 42.1
|May precipitation mm = 52.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 76.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 74.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 82.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 88.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 77
|Nov precipitation mm = 64.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 75
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 1.0&nbsp;mm
|Jan precipitation days= 13
|Feb precipitation days= 13
|Mar precipitation days= 13
|Apr precipitation days= 10
|May precipitation days= 11
|Jun precipitation days= 13
|Jul precipitation days= 12
|Aug precipitation days= 13
|Sep precipitation days= 13
|Oct precipitation days= 13
|Nov precipitation days= 11
|Dec precipitation days= 14
|snow colour = green
|Jan sun = 35.2
|Feb sun = 70.9
|Mar sun = 133.3
|Apr sun = 206.0
|May sun = 249.7
|Jun sun = 234.4
|Jul sun = 213.5
|Aug sun = 168.1
|Sep sun = 132.7
|Oct sun = 97.6
|Nov sun = 49.1
|Dec sun = 22.1
|year sun = 
|source = Seklima <ref>seklima.met.no</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|source 2= NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Norway/CSV/?C=D;O=A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802215026/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Norway/CSV/?C=D;O=A |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Trondheim 1981–2010 (Voll, 127 m, extremes 1870–present includes earlier stations, sunhrs 2016–2024 Gløshaugen/met.no)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed=yes
|Jan record high C = 13.5 | Jan record low C = -25.0
|Feb record high C = 12.6 | Feb record low C = -26.0
|Mar record high C = 14.6 | Mar record low C = -22.7
|Apr record high C = 22.0 | Apr record low C = -15.3
|May record high C = 28.9 | May record low C = -9.6
|Jun record high C = 31.2 | Jun record low C = -0.8
|Jul record high C = 35.0 | Jul record low C = 0.6
|Aug record high C = 30.4 | Aug record low C = 1.0
|Sep record high C = 26.0 | Sep record low C = -3.5
|Oct record high C = 21.8 | Oct record low C = -12.6
|Nov record high C = 15.4 | Nov record low C = -18.7
|Dec record high C = 13.2 | Dec record low C = -24.0
|Jan high C = 1.2
|Feb high C = 1.8
|Mar high C = 4.2
|Apr high C = 8.8
|May high C = 13.7
|Jun high C = 16.3
|Jul high C = 19.0
|Aug high C = 18.0
|Sep high C = 14.6
|Oct high C = 8.9
|Nov high C = 4.7
|Dec high C = 2.1
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = -1.3
|Feb mean C = -1.1
|Mar mean C = 0.7
|Apr mean C = 4.8
|May mean C = 9.1
|Jun mean C = 12.1
|Jul mean C = 15.0
|Aug mean C = 14.2
|Sep mean C = 10.6
|Oct mean C = 5.9
|Nov mean C = 2.0
|Dec mean C = -0.8
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -4.0
|Feb low C = -3.7
|Mar low C = -2.2
|Apr low C = 1.5
|May low C = 5.3
|Jun low C = 8.5
|Jul low C = 11.4
|Aug low C = 10.8
|Sep low C = 7.9
|Oct low C = 3.0
|Nov low C = -0.5
|Dec low C = -3.3
|year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 72.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 67.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 72.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.5
|May precipitation mm = 43.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 75.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 79.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 84.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 78.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 66.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 78.1
|year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0&nbsp;mm
|Jan precipitation days= 13
|Feb precipitation days= 12
|Mar precipitation days= 13
|Apr precipitation days= 12
|May precipitation days= 10
|Jun precipitation days= 13
|Jul precipitation days= 11
|Aug precipitation days= 12
|Sep precipitation days= 12
|Oct precipitation days= 14
|Nov precipitation days= 12
|Dec precipitation days= 13
|Jan sun = 35.2
|Feb sun = 70.9
|Mar sun = 133.3
|Apr sun = 206.0
|May sun = 249.7
|Jun sun = 234.4
|Jul sun = 213.5
|Aug sun = 168.1
|Sep sun = 132.7
|Oct sun = 97.6
|Nov sun = 49.1
|Dec sun = 22.1
|year sun = 
<!--Mandatory fields, source-->
|source 1 = eklima.met.no<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2015 |title=eKlima – Climate statistics for Norway from Meteorologisk Institutt (Norwegian Meteorological Institute) |url=http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/portal/page?_pageid=73,39035,73_39049&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111955/http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/portal/page?_pageid=73,39035,73_39049&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo-climat<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Moyennes |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-2-p159.php%7C |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153958/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.06c6ee58c3810956b7509218508c7b56.html?origin=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
}}

===Fauna===
The city has various wetland [[habitat]]s. among which there is the ''Gaulosen.'' The observation tower accommodates for birdwatching and providing information about birdlife.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-02 |title=Trondheim |url=http://www.trondheim.esn.no/content/trondheim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625194610/http://www.trondheim.esn.no/content/trondheim |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=2017-07-14 |work=ESN Trondheim}}</ref>

Though Trondheim is Norway's third largest city, wild animals are regularly seen. [[European otter|Otter]]s and [[European beaver|beaver]]s thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2004 |title=Bymarkbeveren skal holdes i sjakk |url=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/trondheim/article347991.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012527/http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/trondheim/article347991.ece |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=3 August 2007 |language=nb}}</ref> [[Eurasian badger|Badger]]s and [[red fox]]es are not uncommon sights. [[Moose]] and [[deer]] are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one-year-olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. From 2002 until 2017, a [[wolverine]] lived in Bymarka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2008 |title=Jerven som flyktet til byen |url=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/dokument/article1077747.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201180626/http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/dokument/article1077747.ece |archive-date=1 February 2009 |access-date=9 May 2008 |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Norges eldste jerv (18) er død |date=30 August 2017 |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/dyrene/norges-eldste-jerv-18-er-doed/a/24129695/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200255/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/dyrene/norges-eldste-jerv-18-er-doed/a/24129695/ |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=1 September 2017 |language=nb}}</ref>