Editing Tribalism (section)

== Negative outcomes ==
[[Anthropology|Anthropologists]] engage in ongoing debate on the phenomenon of [[war]]fare among tribes. While fighting typically and certainly occurs among [[horticultural]] tribes, an open question remains whether such warfare is a typical feature of hunter-gatherer life or is an anomaly found only in certain circumstances, such as scarce resources (as with the [[Inuit]] or [[Arabs]]) or only among food-producing societies.<ref name="WarBefore">{{cite book|author=Douglas P. Fry|title=Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kPsTTYEl86kC |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530948-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPsTTYEl86kC&pg=PA114 114–115]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lawrence H. Keeley|title=War Before Civilization|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SlXBOWFhvj8C |year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988070-6|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SlXBOWFhvj8C&pg=PA15 15–16]}}</ref>

Certain tribes use forms of subsistence such as [[horticulture]] and [[foraging]] that cannot yield the same number of absolute calories as [[agriculture]]. Those subsistance methods thus limit those tribal populations significantly, especially when compared to agricultural populations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=Economies of the tribes and their transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaAtAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher = Concept |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qaAtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22subsistence+economy%22+%22population+size%22 22]|isbn=9780391027862 }}</ref> Jesse Mathis writes in ''[[War Before Civilization]]'' that examples exist with low percentage rates of casualties in tribal battle, and some tribal battles were much more lethal as a percentage of population than, for example, the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. He concludes that no evidence consistently indicates that primitive battles are proportionately less lethal than civilized ones.<ref name=WarBefore />

The [[realistic conflict theory]] is a model of [[group conflict|intergroup conflict]], arguing that in a real or perceived [[Zero-sum game|zero-sum system]], conflicts arise over shared interests for [[finite resources]]. The 1954 [[Robbers Cave experiment]] involved researchers putting 12-year-old boys into groups, where they formed their own [[Ingroups and outgroups|ingroups]], before then developing hostility and negativity towards the other group during simulated conflict over [[finite resources]] in a [[zero-sum game]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sherif, M.|author2=Harvey, O.J.|author3=White, B.J.|author4=Hood, W.|author5=Sherif, C.W.|name-list-style=amp|title=Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/intergroupconfli00univ|url-access=registration|year=1961|publisher=The University Book Exchange|location=Norman, OK}}</ref>