Editing Treeshrew (section)

== Taxonomy ==
Treeshrews were moved from the order [[Insectivora]] into the order [[Primates]] because of certain internal similarities to primates (for example, similarities in the [[brain]] [[anatomy]], highlighted by Sir [[Wilfrid Le Gros Clark]]), and classified as a "primitive [[prosimian]]", however they were soon split from the primates and moved into their own [[Order (biology)|order]]. Taxonomists continue to refine the treeshrews' relations to primates and to other closely related clades.

[[Molecular phylogeny|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies have suggested that the treeshrews, with the primates and the [[flying lemurs]] (colugos), belong to the [[grandorder]] [[Euarchonta]]. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the [[Glires]] ([[lagomorpha|lagomorphs]] and [[rodent]]s), and the two groups are combined into the [[superorder]] [[Euarchontoglires]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janecka |first1=Jan E. |last2=Miller |first2=Webb |last3=Pringle |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Wiens |first4=Frank |last5=Zitzmann |first5=Annette |last6=Helgen |first6=Kristofer M. |last7=Springer |first7=Mark S. |last8=Murphy |first8=William J. |title=Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of the Primates |journal=Science |volume=318 |pages=792–794 |date=2007-11-02 |df=dmy-all |doi=10.1126/science.1147555 |pmid=17975064 |issue=5851 |bibcode=2007Sci...318..792J|s2cid=12251814 }}</ref> However, the alternative placement of treeshrews as sister to both Glires and [[Primatomorpha]] cannot be ruled out.<ref name=Zhou15/> Some studies place Scandentia as sister of the Glires, which would invalidate Euarchonta: It is this organization that is shown in the tree diagram below.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meredith |first1=Robert W. |last2=Janečka |first2=Jan E. |last3=Gatesy |first3=John |last4=Ryder |first4=Oliver A. |last5=Fisher |first5=Colleen A. |last6=Teeling |first6=Emma C. |last7=Goodbla |first7=Alisha |last8=Eizirik |first8=Eduardo |last9=Simão |first9=Taiz L. L. |date=2011-10-28 |df=dmy-all |title=Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6055 |pages=521–524 |doi=10.1126/science.1211028 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=21940861 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..521M|s2cid=38120449 }}</ref><ref name=Zhou15>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Xuming |last2=Sun |first2=Fengming |last3=Xu |first3=Shixia |last4=Yang |first4=Guang |last5=Li |first5=Ming |date=2015-03-01 |df=dmy-all |title=The position of tree shrews in the mammalian tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=186–198 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12116 |pmid=25311886 |issn=1749-4877}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Euarchontoglires]]
|1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
    |1='''Scandentia''' (treeshrews)
    |label2=[[Glires]]
    |2={{Clade
       |1=[[Lagomorpha]] (rabbits, hares, pikas)
       |2=[[Rodent]]ia (rodents)
    }}
  }}

     |label2=[[Primatomorpha]]
     |2={{Clade
        |1=[[Colugo|Dermoptera]] (colugos)
        |2={{Clade
           |1=†[[Plesiadapiformes]]
           |2=[[Primate]]s
           }}
        }}
   }}
}}

Several other arrangements of these orders have been proposed in the past, and the above tree is only a well-favored proposal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=J.D. |last2=Jamieson |first2=B.G. |last3=Robson |first3=S.K. |last4=Hall |first4=L.S. |last5=McAnally |first5=K.I. |last6=Cooper |first6=H.M. |year=1989 |title=Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats, and primates |series=Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/325/1229/local/back-matter.pdf |volume=325 |issue=1229 |pages=489–559 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1989.0102 |pmid=2575767 |bibcode=1989RSPTB.325..489P |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although it is known that Scandentia is one of the most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] euarchontoglire clades, the exact phylogenetic position is not yet considered resolved: It may be a sister of Glires, Primatomorpha,<ref name="LinChen2014">{{cite journal|last1= Lin|first1=J.|last2= Chen|first2=G.|last3= Gu|first3=L.|last4= Shen|first4=Y.|last5= Zheng|first5=M.|last6= Zheng|first6=W.|last7= Hu|first7=X.|last8= Zhang|first8=X.|last9 =Qiu|first9=Y.|last10= Liu|first10=X.|last11= Jiang|first11=C.|title= Phylogenetic affinity of tree shrews to Glires is attributed to fast evolution rate|journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 71|year= 2014|pages= 193–200|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.12.001|pmid=24333622}}</ref> or [[Dermoptera]], or separate from and sister to all other Euarchontoglires.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley |first1=Nicole M. |last2=Springer |first2=Mark S. |last3=Teeling |first3=Emma C. |date=2016-07-19 |df=dmy-all |title=Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved? |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=371 |issue=1699 |pages=20150140 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0140 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=4920340 |pmid=27325836}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vikas |last2=Hallström |first2=Björn M. |last3=Janke |first3=Axel |date=2013-04-01 |title=Coalescent-based genome analyses resolve the early branches of the Euarchontoglires |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=e60019 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060019 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3613385 |pmid=23560065 |df=dmy-all|bibcode=2013PLoSO...860019K|doi-access=free }}</ref> Shared [[short interspersed nuclear elements]] (SINEs) offer strong evidence for Scandentia belonging to the Euarchonta group:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kriegs |first1=Jan Ole |last2=Churakov |first2=Gennady |last3=Jurka |first3=Jerzy |last4=Brosius |first4=Jürgen |last5=Schmitz |first5=Jürgen |date=2007-02-20 |title=Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168952507000376 |journal=Trends in Genetics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=158–161 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002|pmid=17307271 }}</ref>

{{Clade|{{Clade
  | label1=[[Glires]]
  | 1={{Clade
     | 1=[[Lagomorpha]] (rabbits, hares, pikas)
     | 2=[[Rodent]]ia (rodents)
      }}
  | label2=[[Euarchonta]]
  | 2={{Clade
     | 1='''Scandentia''' (treeshrews)
     | label2=[[Primatomorpha]]
     | 2={{Clade
        | 1={{Clade
           | 1=[[Colugo|Dermoptera]] (colugos) }}
        | 2={{Clade
           | 1=[[Primate]]s (†[[Plesiadapiformes]], [[Strepsirrhini]], [[Haplorrhini]])}} }} }} }}|label1=[[Euarchontoglires]]}}

===Order Scandentia===
{{main|List of scandentians}}
The 23&nbsp;[[species]] are placed in four [[genus|genera]], which are divided into two families. The majority are in the "ordinary" treeshrew family, [[Tupaiidae]], but one species, the [[pen-tailed treeshrew]], is different enough to warrant placement in its own family, [[Ptilocercidae]]; the two families are thought to have separated 60 million years ago.<ref name="Roberts2011" /> The former Tupaiidae genus ''[[Urogale]]'' was disbanded in 2011 when the Mindanao treeshrew was moved to ''Tupaia'' based on a molecular phylogeny.<ref name="Roberts2011">
{{cite journal|last1= Roberts|first1=T.E.|last2= Lanier|first2=H.C.|last3= Sargis|first3=E.J.|last4= Olson|first4=L.E.|title= Molecular phylogeny of treeshrews (Mammalia: Scandentia) and the timescale of diversification in Southeast Asia|journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 60|issue= 3|year= 2011|pages= 358–372|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.021|pmid=21565274}}
</ref>

;Family [[Tupaiidae]]:
*Genus ''[[Anathana]]''
** [[Madras treeshrew]], ''A. ellioti''

*Genus ''[[Dendrogale]]''
** [[Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew]], ''D. melanura''
** [[Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew]], ''D. murina''

*Genus ''[[Tupaia (genus)|Tupaia]]''
** [[Northern treeshrew]], ''T. belangeri''
** [[Golden-bellied treeshrew]], ''T. chrysogaster''
** [[Bangka Island treeshrew]], ''T. discolor''
** [[Striped treeshrew]], ''T. dorsalis''
** [[Mindanao treeshrew]], ''T. everetti''
** [[Sumatran treeshrew]], ''T. ferruginea''
** [[Common treeshrew]], ''T. glis''
** [[Slender treeshrew]], ''T. gracilis''
** [[Javan treeshrew]], ''T. hypochrysa''
** [[Horsfield's treeshrew]], ''T. javanica''
** [[Long-footed treeshrew]], ''T. longipes''
** [[Pygmy treeshrew]], ''T. minor''
** [[Mountain treeshrew]], ''T. montana''
** [[Nicobar treeshrew]], ''T. nicobarica''
** [[Palawan treeshrew]], ''T. palawanensis''
** [[Painted treeshrew]], ''T. picta''
** [[Kalimantan treeshrew]], ''T. salatana''
** [[Ruddy treeshrew]], ''T. splendidula''
** [[Large treeshrew]], ''T. tana''

;Family [[Ptilocercidae]]:
*Genus ''[[Ptilocercus]]''
** [[Pen-tailed treeshrew]], ''P. lowii''

<gallery mode=packed>
The Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti) by Davidraju img7.jpg|upright=0.8|[[Madras treeshrew]] (''Anathana ellioti'')
The northern smooth-tailed treeshrew.jpg|upright=0.8|[[Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew]] (''Dendrogale murina'')
Tupaia belangeri.JPG|upright=0.8|[[Northern treeshrew]] (''Tupaia belangeri'')
Stavenn Tupaia glis 00.jpg|upright=0.8|[[Common treeshrew]] (''T. glis'')
Tupaia javanica.jpg|upright=0.8|[[Horsfield's treeshrew]] (''T. javanica'')
Tupaia minor.jpg|upright=0.8|[[Pygmy treeshrew]] (''T. minor'')
</gallery>