Editing Transport economics (section)

==== Road space rationing ====
{{main|Road space rationing}}
[[File:Traffic jam Sao Paulo 09 2006 30.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Traffic congestion persists in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], despite no-drive days based on license numbers.]]

Transport economists consider [[road space rationing]] an alternative to congestion pricing, but road space rationing is considered more equitable, as the restrictions force all drivers to reduce auto travel, while congestion pricing restrains less those who can afford paying the congestion charge. Nevertheless, high-income users can avoid the restrictions by owning a second car.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Vehicle Restrictions. Limiting Automobile Travel at Certain Times and Places |url=http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm33.htm |access-date=2008-04-09 |website=Victoria Transport Policy Institute |publisher=TDM Encyclopedia}} See Equity Impacts section</ref> Moreover, congestion pricing (unlike rationing) acts "to allocate a scarce resource to its most valuable use, as evinced by users' willingness to pay for the resource". While some "opponents of congestion pricing fear that tolled roads will be used only by people with high income. But preliminary evidence suggests that the new toll lanes in California are used by people of all income groups. The ability to get somewhere fast and reliably is valued in a variety of circumstances. Not everyone will need or want to incur a toll on a daily basis, but on occasions when getting somewhere quickly is necessary, the option of paying to save time is valuable to people at all income levels." Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as [[Athens]] (1982),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|title=LEDA Measure: License plate based traffic restrictions, Athens, Greece|publisher=LEDA database|access-date=2008-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227030125/http://www.leda.ils.nrw.de/database/measures/meas0205.htm|archive-date=27 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[México City]] (1989), [[São Paulo]] (1997), [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]], [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], La Paz (2003),<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | title=Los choferes públicos acataron la restricción | date=7 January 2003 | newspaper=La Prensa | access-date=2008-04-09 | language=es | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213053528/http://www.boliviahoy.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=3150 | archive-date=13 December 2006 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Bolivia]], and [[San José de Costa Rica|San José]] (2005),<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515152117/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2005/agosto/03/pais0.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 May 2016 | title=Hoy empieza restricción para autos en centro de San José | author=Ángela Ávalos | date=3 August 2005 | newspaper=La Nación | access-date=2008-04-08 | language=es }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | title=Evaluarán restricción vehicular en capital | author=Mercedes Agüero | date=12 April 2006 | newspaper=La Nación | access-date=2008-04-08 | language=es | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919101624/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2006/abril/12/pais2.html | archive-date=19 September 2008 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Costa Rica]].