Editing Transcendental Meditation (section)

==Views and claims==

===Views on consciousness (1963)===
In his 1963 book, ''The Science of Being and Art of Living,'' Maharishi Mahesh Yogi says that, over time, through the practice of the TM technique, the conscious mind gains familiarity with deeper levels of the mind, bringing the subconscious mind within the capacity of the conscious mind, resulting in expanded awareness in daily activity. He also teaches that the Transcendental Meditation practitioner transcends all mental activity and experiences the 'source of thought', which is said to be pure silence, 'pure awareness' or 'transcendental Being', 'the ultimate reality of life'.<ref name="Science of Being">{{cite book |author=Mahesh Yogi, Maharishi |year=1963 |publisher=Meridian Publishing |title=The Science of Being and Art of Living}}</ref>{{rp |pp 44–53}}<ref name=Phelan>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1979_num_48_1_2186|first=Michael|last=Phelan|journal=Archives de sciences sociales des religions|title=Transcendental Meditation. A Revitalization of the American Civil Religion|year=1979|volume =48|issue=48–1|pages=5–20| doi=10.3406/assr.1979.2186 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Interview with Larry King |first=Larry |last=King |date=May 12, 2002 |work=CNN}}</ref> TM is sometimes self described as a technology of consciousness.<ref name=Hunt>{{Cite book| last1 = Hunt | first1 = Stephen | author-link=Stephen J. Hunt|title = Alternative religions: a sociological introduction | year = 2003 | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT | isbn = 978-0-7546-3410-2 | pages = 197–198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GuWbJhYIccC&q=transcendental%20meditation&pg=PA197 }}</ref> According to author Michael Phelan, "The fundamental premise of the psychology of fulfillment is that within every person exists a seemingly inexhaustible center of energy, intelligence, and satisfaction... To the extent that our behavior depends on the degree of energy and intelligence available to us, this center of pure creative intelligence may be described as that resource which gives direction to all that we experience, think and do."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Transcendental Meditation. A Revitalization of the American Civil Religion |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |first=Michael |last=Phelan |date=Jul–Sep 1979 |volume=1 |issue=48 }}</ref>

According to the Maharishi, there are seven levels of consciousness: (i) deep sleep; (ii) dreaming; (iii) waking; (iv) transcendental consciousness; (v) cosmic consciousness; (vi) God consciousness; and, (vii) unity consciousness.<ref>Williams, Patrick Gresham (2000) The Spiritual Recovery Manual: Vedic Knowledge and Yogic Techniques to Accelerate Recovery, page 202</ref> The Maharishi says that transcendental consciousness can be experienced through Transcendental Meditation, and that those who meditate regularly over time could become aware of cosmic consciousness.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dkuHUWYnW80C&dq=maharishi+%22god+consciousness%22&pg=PA66 Tillery, Gary, ''The Cynical Idealist; A Spiritual Biography of John Lennon''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304013412/http://books.google.com/books?id=dkuHUWYnW80C&pg=PA66&dq=maharishi+%22god+consciousness%22 |date=2014-03-04}} Quest Books, 2009 {{ISBN |0-8356-0875-1}}, {{ISBN |978-0-8356-0875-6}} pp 66-67</ref> An indication of cosmic consciousness is "ever present wakefulness" present even during sleep.<ref name="Walsh R, Shapiro SL 2006 227–39">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walsh R, Shapiro SL |title=The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=227–39 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16594839 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.227 |s2cid=3015768 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7885t0n6 }}</ref> Research on long-term TM practitioners experiencing what they describe as cosmic consciousness, has identified unique EEG profiles, muscle tone measurements, and REM indicators that suggest physiological parameters for this self described state of consciousness.<ref name="Walsh R, Shapiro SL 2006 227–39"/><ref name=Shapiro>{{Cite journal |first1=Shauna L. |last1=Shapiro |first2=Roger |last2=Walsh |url=http://www.brittonlab.com/publications/Shapiro,%20Walsh,%20Britton%2003.pdf |title=An Analysis of Recent Meditation Research and Suggestions for Future Directions |journal=Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research |year=2003 |volume=3 |pages=69–90 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123031814/http://www.brittonlab.com/publications/Shapiro,%20Walsh,%20Britton%2003.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-23 }}</ref> However, the Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness notes that it is premature to say that the EEG coherence found in TM is an indication of a higher state of consciousness.<ref name=Lutz>{{Cite book |isbn=978-0-521-85743-7 |editor1-first=Philip David |editor1-last=Zelazo |editor2-first=Morris |editor2-last=Moscovitch |editor3-first=Evan |editor3-last=Thompson |title=The Cambridge handbook of consciousness |year=2007 |pages=534–535 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

===Science of Creative Intelligence (1971)===
In 1961, the Maharishi created the "International Meditation Society for the Science of Creative Intelligence".<ref name=Kennedy>{{Cite news |title=Field of TM dreams |first1=John W |last1=Kennedy |first2=Irving |last2=Hexham. |work=[[Christianity Today]] |date=January 8, 2001 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=74–79}}</ref> In 1971 the Maharishi inaugurated "Maharishi's Year of Science of Creative Intelligence" and described SCI as the connection of "modern science with ancient Vedic science".<ref name=Hume2005>{{Cite book |last=Humes |first=Cynthia A |year=2005 |chapter=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the T.M. Technique |title=Gurus in America |editor1-first=Thomas A |editor1-last=Forsthoefel |editor2-first=Cynthia Ann |editor2-last=Humes |publisher=SUNY Press |pages=55–79 |isbn=0-7914-6573-X}}</ref> Author Philip Goldberg describes it as Vedanta philosophy that has been translated into scientific language.<ref name="Philip Goldberg2">Goldberg, Philip (2011) Harmony Books, American Veda, page 165</ref> A series of international symposiums on the Science of Creative Intelligence were held between 1970 and 1973 and were attended by scientists and "leading thinkers", including [[Buckminster Fuller]], [[Melvin Calvin]], a [[Nobel Prize]] winner in chemistry, [[Hans Selye]], [[Marshal McLuhan]] and [[Jonas Salk]].<ref name="Philip Goldberg2"/> These symposiums were held at universities such as [[Humboldt State University]] and [[University of Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=Sociological Analysis |year=1992 |volume=53 |issue=–S S1–S13 |series=Presidential Address — 1987 |title=On Founders and Followers: Some Factors in the Development of New Religious Movements |first=Benton |last=Johnson}}</ref><ref>Jefferson, William (1976). ' 'The Story of The Maharishi' ', pp118-123. Pocket Books, New York, NY.</ref><ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Fuller, Buckminster (1971) Maharishi Channel Maharishi and Buckminster Fuller Press Conference YouTube, retrieved September 24, 2012</ref><ref name="Una Kroll"/> The following year, the Maharishi developed a World Plan to spread his teaching of SCI around the world.<ref name="Una Kroll"/><ref>{{Cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf00murp/page/1045 1045] |chapter=Eastern Family, Part I |last=Melton |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of American Religions |isbn=0-8153-0500-1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf00murp/page/1045}}</ref>

The theoretical part of SCI is taught in a 33-lesson video course.<ref name="maharishi.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharishi.org/sci/sci.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125150229/http://maharishi.org/sci/sci.html |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |title=The Science of Creative Intelligence Course |publisher=maharishi.org |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the early 1970s, the SCI course was offered at more than 25 American universities including [[Stanford University]], [[Yale University]], the [[University of Colorado]], the [[University of Wisconsin]], and [[Oregon State University]].<ref name="Una Kroll">Kroll, Una (1974) John Knox Press, The Healing Potential of Transcendental Meditation, chapter 1: The Guru, pp 17-25</ref><ref name="TM ABC guide">{{cite book |author=Goldhaber, Nat |year=1976 |publisher=Ballantine Books |title=TM:An alphabetical guide to the Transcendental Meditation program}}</ref>{{rp |p 125}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=T. K. |last=Irwin |title=What's New in Science: Transcendental Meditation: Medical Miracle or 'Another Kooky Fad' |work=Sarasota Herald Tribune Family Weekly |date=October 8, 1972 |pages=8–9 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NRAzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5803,3090100}}</ref> Until 2009, [[Maharishi University of Management]] (MUM) required its undergraduate students to take SCI classes,<ref>{{Cite book |edition=24th |publisher=Barron's |isbn=978-0-7641-7294-6 |last=Barron's Educational Series, Inc. |title=Profiles of American colleges |location=Hauppauge N.Y.; London |year=2000}}</ref><ref name=JME>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt-Wilk |first1=Jane |last2=Heston |first2=Dennis |last3=Steigard |first3=David |title=Higher education for higher consciousness Maharishi University of Management as a model for spirituality in management education |journal=Journal of Management Education |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=580–611 |year=2000 |doi=10.1177/105256290002400505 |s2cid=145812629 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Random House Information Group |isbn=978-0-375-76557-5 |author=Princeton Review |title=Complete Book of Colleges, 2007 Edition |date=August 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mum.edu/pdf_catalog/mvs.pdf |title=MUM catalog for the Department of Maharishi Vedic Science |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527194259/https://www.mum.edu/pdf_catalog/mvs.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-27 }}</ref> and both MUM and [[Maharishi European Research University]] (MERU) in Switzerland have awarded degrees in the field.<ref name=DePalma>{{Cite news |title=University's Degree Comes With a Heavy Dose of Meditation (and Skepticism) |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 29, 1992 |page=B.8}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' reports that children at [[Maharishi School, Lancashire|Maharishi School]] learn SCI principles such as "the nature of life is to grow" and "order is present everywhere".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Michelle |last=Teasdale |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/mummy-can-we-meditate-now-how-relaxation-exercises-can-help-your-child-to-sleep-1990059.html |title=Mummy, can we meditate now? |work=The Independent |date=June 3, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224507/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/mummy-can-we-meditate-now-how-relaxation-exercises-can-help-your-child-to-sleep-1990059.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> SCI is reported to be part of the curriculum of TM related lower schools in Iowa, [[Wheaton, Maryland]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=This School Offers Readin', 'Ritin' and Mantras |first=Stephen |last=Buckley |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 19, 1993 |page=D.01}}</ref> and [[Skelmersdale]], UK.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Children meditate on top class GCSEs |first=Claire |last=Tolley |work=Daily Post |location=Liverpool |date=January 12, 2002 |page=13}}</ref> In 1975 SCI was used as the call letters for a TM owned television station in [[San Bernardino, California]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eclectic TV KSCI's Programming in 14 Languages Offers News, Entertainment, Comfort to Ethnic Communities |first=David |last=Holley |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 5, 1986 |page=1}}</ref>

The Science of Creative Intelligence is not science.<ref name="sci">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2012/may/13/letters-steiner-maharishi-schools-wrong |title = Schools of pseudoscience pose a serious threat to education |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 12 May 2012 |first1 = Pavan |last1 = Dhaliwal |first2 = Edzard |last2 = Ernst |first3 = David |last3 = Colquhoun |first4 = Simon |last4 = Singh |display-authors = etal |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173601/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2012/may/13/letters-steiner-maharishi-schools-wrong |archive-date = 10 September 2017 }}</ref> Theologian [[Robert M. Price]], writing in the ''Creation/Evolution Journal'' (the journal of the [[National Center for Science Education]]), compares the Science of Creative Intelligence to [[Creationism]].<ref name="Price">{{Cite journal |url=http://ncse.com/cej/3/1/scientific-creationism-science-creative-intelligence |last=Price |first=Robert M. |author-link=Robert M. Price |title=Scientific Creationism and the Science of Creative Intelligence |journal=Creation Evolution Journal |volume=3 |date=Winter 1982 |pages=18–23 |issue=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331072532/http://ncse.com/cej/3/1/scientific-creationism-science-creative-intelligence |archive-date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> Price says instruction in the Transcendental Meditation technique is "never offered without indoctrination into the metaphysics of 'creative intelligence{{'"}}.<ref name="Price"/> Skeptic [[James Randi]] says SCI has "no scientific characteristics."<ref name="randi.org">{{Cite web|url=https://web.randi.org/t---encyclopedia-of-claims.html |title=James Randi Educational Foundation — An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural |access-date= }}</ref> [[Astrophysicist]] and sceptic [[Carl Sagan]] writes that the "Hindu doctrine" of TM is a [[pseudoscience]].<ref name="Sagan, 1997 p16">{{Cite book|author=Sagan, Carl |title=The Demon-haunted World: Science as a Candle In the Dark |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1997 |page=16 |isbn=0-345-40946-9 |oclc= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> [[Irving Hexham]], a professor of religious studies, describes the TM teachings as "pseudoscientific language that masks its religious nature by mythologizing science".<ref name=Kennedy/> Sociologists [[Rodney Stark]] and [[William Sims Bainbridge]] describe the SCI videotapes as largely based on the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and say that they are "laced with parables and metaphysical postulates, rather than anything that can be recognized as conventional science".<ref name=Stark>{{Cite book| last = Stark | first = Rodney | author-link = Rodney Stark |author2=[[William Sims Bainbridge]] |title = The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation | year = 1986 | publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley | isbn = 0520057317 | page = 289}}</ref> In 1979, the court case ''Malnak v Yogi'' determined that although SCI/TM is not a theistic religion, it deals with issues of ultimate concern, truth, and other ideas analogous to those in well-recognized religions.<ref name=Merriman>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC |last=Merriman |first=Scott A. |title=Religion and the Law in America |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-863-7 |page=522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101101752/http://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC |archive-date=2014-01-01 }}</ref> Maharishi biographer Paul Mason suggests that the scientific terminology used in SCI was developed by the Maharishi as part of a restructuring of his philosophies in terms that would gain greater acceptance and increase the number of people starting the TM technique. He says that this change toward a more academic language was welcomed by many of the Maharishi's American students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Paul |title=The Maharishi |location=Great Britain |publisher=Element Books Limited |year=1994 |page=210 |isbn=1-85230-571-1}}</ref>

===Maharishi effect (1974)===
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi claimed that the quality of life would noticeably improve if at least the square root of one per cent (1%) of the population practised the Transcendental Meditation technique. This is known as the "Maharishi effect" and according to the Maharishi, it was perceived in 1974 after an analysis of crime statistics in 16 cities.<ref name="Science of Being"/>{{rp |329}}<ref name="Karam">Karam, Ted (2005) Jumping on Water: Awaken Your Joy, Empower Your Life, page 137</ref><ref name=Wager>{{Cite news |title=Musicians Spread the Maharishi's Message of Peace |first=Gregg |last=Wager |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 11, 1987 |page=12}}</ref> With the introduction of the [[TM-Sidhi program]] including Yogic Flying, the Maharishi proposed that the square root of 1 per cent of the population (around 6325 people, the square root of 40 million (1% of the global
population of about 4 billion people in 1974<ref name="worldpop1974">{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/global-population-doubles-since-74-hits-8-billion-today/articleshow/95517415.cms|title= Global population doubles since 1974, hits 8 billion today|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 15 November 2022}}</ref>)) practicing this advanced program together at the same time and in the same place would create benefits in society. This was referred to as the "Extended Maharishi Effect".<ref name="Karam"/><ref name="Maharishi University of Management">{{cite web |url=http://www.mum.edu/m_effect/ |archive-date=August 23, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823041441/http://www.mum.edu/m_effect/ |title=Maharishi Effect – Research on the Maharishi Effect |publisher=Maharishi University of Management |access-date=December 29, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Author Ted Karam claims that there have been numerous studies on the Maharishi effect including a gathering of over 4,000 people (just under two thirds of the square root of 1% of the population as of 1974) in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1993.<ref name="Karam"/> The effect has been examined in 42 scientific studies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meditation touted as crime-fighter // Study presented builds the case for 'Maharishi effect' |first=Conrad |last=deFiebre |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |date=October 7, 1994 |page=03.B}}</ref> The TM organisation has linked the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] and a reduction in global terrorism, US inflation and crime rates to the Maharishi effect.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharishi mob meditates on Limerick's ills |first=Liam |last=Fay |work=Sunday Times |location=London (UK) |date=June 13, 2004 |page=32}}</ref> The Maharishi effect has been endorsed by the former President of Mozambique [[Joaquim Chissano]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/people/feature/2000/12/01/mozambique/print.html |last=Roach |first=Mary |title=The last tourist in Mozambique |work=Salon |date=December 1, 2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161759/http://www.salon.com/people/feature/2000/12/01/mozambique/print.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}</ref>

As the theories proposed by TM practitioners<ref name="Park">{{Cite book |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198604433 |page=30 |last=Park |first=Robert L. |title=Voodoo science: The road from foolishness to fraud |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzCK6-Kqs6QC}}</ref> are not scientific, the Maharishi effect still lacks a [[causality|causal basis]].<ref name="Fales">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2580722 |last1=Fales |first1=Evan |last2=Markovsky |first2=Barry |title=Evaluating Heterodox Theories |jstor=2580722 |journal=Social Forces |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=511–525 |year=1997}}</ref> Moreover, the evidence has been said to result from [[Cherry picking (fallacy)|cherry-picked data]]<ref name="Schrodt">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0022002790034004008 |jstor=174187 |last=Schrodt |first=Phillip A. |title=A methodological critique of a test of the Maharishi technology of the unified field |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=745–755|s2cid=145426830 }}</ref> and the [[credulity]] of believers.<ref name=Fales/><ref name="SFGate">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1995/12/29/MN65432.DTL |last=Epstein |first=Edward |title=Politics and Transcendental Meditation |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=29 December 1995}}</ref> Critics, such as [[James Randi]], have called this research [[pseudoscience]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stop the bleeping pseudoscience; Quantum physics film drowns in its own bunk science High point in What The Bleep is stunning animation sequence |first=PETER |last=CALAMAI |work=Toronto Star |date=October 9, 2004 |page=J.13}}</ref> Randi says that he investigated comments made by former Maharishi International University faculty member Robert Rabinoff in 1978. He spoke to the [[Fairfield, Iowa|Fairfield]] Chief of Police who said local crime levels were the same and the regional Agriculture Department who reportedly deemed that farm yields for [[Jefferson County, Iowa|Jefferson County]] matched the state average.<ref name=Randi106>{{Cite book |author=Randi, James |title=Flim-flam!: psychics, ESP, unicorns, and other delusions |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Buffalo, N.Y. |year=1982 |page=106 |isbn=0-87975-198-3 }}</ref>

===Maharishi Vedic Science (1981)===
The Maharishi proclaimed 1981 as the Year of Vedic Science.<ref name="Science of Being"/>{{rp |336}} It is based on the Maharishi's interpretation of ancient Vedic texts and includes subjective technologies like the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM-Sidhi program plus programs like Maharishi Sthapatya Veda (MSV) and Maharishi Vedic Astrology (MVA) services which apply Vedic science to day-to-day living.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bonshek |first1=Anna |last2=Bonshek |first2=Corrina |last3=Fergusson |first3=Lee |title=The Big Fish: Consciousness as Structure, Body and Space. (Consciousness, Literature the Arts) |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-2172-3 |year=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mum.edu/msvs/Chandler1.html |title=Modern Science and Vedic Science: An Introduction |publisher=Modern Science and Vedic Science, Volume 1 |access-date=November 15, 2009 |first=Kenneth |last=Chandler |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527213259/https://www.mum.edu/msvs/Chandler1.html |archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> Vedic science studies the various aspects of life and their relationship to the Veda.

===Maharishi Ayurveda===
{{main|Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health}}
Maharishi Ayurveda<ref>{{harvnb|Wallace|1993|pp=64–66}}</ref><ref name="harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998">{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998}}</ref> or Maharishi Vedic Medicine<ref>{{harvnb|Reddy|Egenes|2002}}</ref> is a form of [[alternative medicine]] founded in the mid-1980s by Maharishi.<ref name="Sharma 1998 loc=Preface"/> Distinct from traditional [[ayurveda]], it emphasizes the role of consciousness, and gives importance to positive emotions.<ref>For a brief history of traditional ayurveda, and selected translations from the original Sanskrit sources, see {{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003}}</ref> Maharishi Ayurveda has been variously characterized as emerging from, and consistently reflecting, the [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]], representing the entirety of the ayurvedic tradition.<ref>Cynthia Ann Humes, "Maharishi Ayur-Veda", chapter 17 in {{harvnb|Wujastyk|Smith|2008|pp=309 and 326}}</ref><ref name=Sharma95>{{harvnb|Sharma|1995}}</ref>