Editing Toulouse (section)

===Early history===
The Garonne Valley was a central point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic since at least the [[European Iron Age|Iron Age]]. The historical name of the city, ''Tolosa'' (Τολῶσσα in [[Greek language|Greek]], and of its inhabitants, the ''Tolosates'', first recorded in the 2nd century BC), is of unknown meaning or origin, possibly from [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]] or [[Iberian language|Iberian]],<ref>[[Albert Dauzat]] et [[Charles Rostaing]], ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France'', 2nd ed., Librairie Guénégaud 1978.</ref> but it has also been connected to the name of the [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] [[Volcae Tectosages]],<ref>''Le Nom de Toulouse'' de Pierre Moret, 1996, Université Toulouse le Mirail – Toulouse II, p. 11; ''Histoire de Toulouse'', 1974, p. 11.</ref> or to the [[wikt:Toulouse|same root]] as Irish ''[https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/sengoidelc/duil-belrai/lorg.php?facal=tulach&tairg=Old-Irish+headword&seorsa=Gaidhlig tulach]'' or Welsh ''[https://glosbe.com/cy/en/twlch twlch]'', (little hill).

====Toulouse refounded by the Romans on the banks of the Garonne====
Tolosa enters the historical period in the 2nd century BC, when it became a [[Roman Republic|Roman]] military outpost. After the conquest of [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]], it was developed as a Roman city in [[Gallia Narbonensis]]. Under the reign of Emperor [[Augustus]] and thanks to the [[Pax Romana]], the Romans moved the city a few kilometres from the hills where it was an ''[[oppidum]]'' to the banks of the Garonne, which were more suitable for trade.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019">Collective work directed by Jean-Marc Olivier and Rémy Pech: "''Histoire de Toulouse et de la métropole''". Éditions Privat, 2019.</ref>

In the second half of the 1st century, the emperor [[Domitian]] distinguished Toulouse by placing it under the patronage of the goddess [[Athena|Pallas Athena]], so that the Latin poets [[Martial]], [[Ausonius]] and [[Sidonius Apollinaris]] called the city ''Palladia Tolosa'' (Palladian Toulouse), a term that was still used in the Renaissance and even today when the city is presented as propitious to the arts and letters.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

Around the year 250, Toulouse was marked by the martyrdom of [[Saturnin]], the first bishop of Toulouse. This episode illustrates the difficult beginnings of Christianity in Roman Gaul.<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>

====Capital of the Visigothic kingdom====
In the 5th century, Toulouse fell to the [[Visigothic kingdom]] and became one of its major cities, even serving as its [[Visigothic Kingdom#Kingdom of Toulouse|capital]], before it fell to the [[Francia|Franks]] under [[Clovis I|Clovis]] in 507 during the [[Battle of Vouillé]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/> From that time, Toulouse was the capital of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] within the Frankish realm.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA59| title=The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328| page=59| isbn=9780826435149| last1=Bradbury| first1=Jim| date=27 February 2007| publisher=Bloomsbury}}</ref>

====Under Frankish rule====
In 721, [[Odo the Great|Duke Odo]] of [[Aquitaine]] defeated an invading [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Muslim]] army at the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Battle of Toulouse]]. Many Arab chroniclers consider that Odo's victory was the real stop to Muslim expansion into [[Christendom|Christian Europe]], incursions of the following years being simple raids without real will of conquest (including the one that ended with [[Charles Martel]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Tours]], also called the Battle of Poitiers).<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k415420b/f39. |title=Recueil de l'Académie des jeux floraux |year=1842}}</ref>

The Frankish conquest of [[Septimania]] followed in the 750s, and a quasi-independent [[County of Toulouse]] emerged within the Carolingian sub-kingdom of Aquitaine by the late 8th century. The [[Battle of Toulouse (844)|Battle of Toulouse of 844]], pitting [[Charles the Bald]] against [[Pepin II of Aquitaine]], was key in the [[Carolingian Civil War]].<ref name="Histoire de Toulouse 2019"/>