Editing Tong (organization) (section)

=== San Francisco, California ===
San Francisco was the home of the first Tong in the United States; it formed in reaction to the hostility that Chinese immigrants faced from American workers upon their arrival to America. In [[Bill Lee (author)|Bill Lee]]'s memoirs in "The Chinese Playground", which recalls the activities of the Tong Gang in San Francisco, he states that the oppression Chinese immigrants faced led them to turn to the Tong for protection. While it is true that the Tong offered protection, it is unclear if this protection was forced as a means to gain control of territory for the distribution of the group's illicit activities.<ref>{{Cite web|title="CHINESE PLAYGROUND: A MEMOIR" By Bill Lee|url=http://www.chineseplayground.com/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.chineseplayground.com}}</ref> During the [[San Francisco plague of 1900–1904|plague outbreak]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown of San Francisco]] in the 1900s, the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association|Chinese Six Companies]] recommended the vaccination plan to their members and the tongs. Doubting the effectiveness of vaccinations, many Chinese residents of Chinatown refused inoculations. Several tongs went so far as to threaten harm to those who did get vaccinated, as well as the Chinese leadership that endorsed doing so.