Editing Toledo War (section)

== War ==
[[File:Andrew jackson head.jpg|thumb|upright|right|U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]], who sided with Ohio in the conflict and dismissed Mason as governor]]
Acting as commander-in-chief of Ohio's militia, Governor Lucas—along with General [[John Bell (Ohio politician)|John Bell]] and about 600 other fully armed militiamen—arrived in [[Perrysburg, Ohio]], {{convert|10|mi|km}} southwest of Toledo, on March 31, 1835.<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=213}}.</ref> Shortly thereafter, Governor Mason and General Brown arrived to occupy the city of Toledo proper with around 1,000 armed men, intending to prevent Ohio advances into the Toledo area as well as stopping further border marking from taking place.<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=17}}.</ref>

=== Presidential intervention ===
In a desperate attempt to prevent armed battle and to avert the resulting political crisis, U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]] consulted his [[U.S. Attorney General|Attorney General]], [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)|Benjamin Butler]], for his legal opinion on the border dispute. At the time, Ohio was a growing political power in the Union, with 19 [[U.S. representative]]s and two senators. In contrast, Michigan, still a territory, had only a single non-voting delegate. Ohio was a crucial [[swing state]] in presidential elections, and it would have been devastating to the fledgling [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] to lose its electoral votes. Jackson calculated that his party's best interest would be served by keeping the Toledo Strip as part of Ohio.<ref name=Galloway214>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=214}}.</ref> However, Butler held that until Congress dictated otherwise, the land rightfully belonged to Michigan. This presented a political dilemma for Jackson that spurred him to take action that would greatly influence the outcome.<ref name="Galloway214" />

[[File:Richard Rush engraving.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Richard Rush]] of [[Pennsylvania]], a representative of President Jackson who helped to present a compromise to both governors]]
On April 3, 1835, Jackson sent two representatives from [[Washington, D.C.]] – [[Richard Rush]] of [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Benjamin Chew Howard]] of [[Maryland]] – to Toledo to arbitrate the conflict and present a compromise to both governments. The proposal, presented on April 7, recommended that a re-survey to mark the Harris Line commence without further interruption by Michigan, and that the residents of the affected region be allowed to choose their own state or territorial governments until Congress could definitively settle the matter.<ref name=Way19>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=19}}.</ref>

Lucas reluctantly agreed to the proposal and began to disband his militia, believing the debate to be settled. Three days later, elections in the region were held under Ohio law. Mason refused the deal and continued to prepare for possible armed conflict.<ref name=Way19/><ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=216}}.</ref>

During the elections, Ohio officials were harassed by Michigan authorities, and the area residents were threatened with arrest if they submitted to Ohio's authority.<ref>{{harvp|Wittke|1895|pp=299, 303}}.</ref> On April 8, 1835, the [[Monroe County, Michigan]] sheriff arrived at the home of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, an Ohio [[partisan (political)|partisan]]. In the first contact between Michigan partisans and the Stickney family, the sheriff arrested two Ohioans under the Pains and Penalties Act on the basis that the men had voted in the Ohio elections.<ref name="PS">{{harvp|Mitchell|2004|p=7}}.</ref>

=== Battle of Phillips Corners ===
[[File:ToledoMIBox.JPG|thumb|right|A box labeled "Toledo, Mi" that may have been used by the Michigan Militia during the Toledo War]]
After the election, Lucas believed that the commissioners' actions had alleviated the situation and once again sent out surveyors to mark the Harris Line. The project proceeded without serious incident until April 26, 1835, when the surveying group was attacked by 50 to 60 members of General Brown's militia in the Battle of Phillips Corners.<ref name=Galloway214/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.remarkableohio.org/index.cfm?action=search_markers.marker_details&marker_id=621 |title= The Ohio–Michigan Boundary War: Battle of Phillips Corners Marker #2–26 |work= Remarkable Ohioan |access-date= May 13, 2006 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122132125/http://www.remarkableohio.org/index.cfm?action=search_markers.marker_details&marker_id=621 |archive-date= November 22, 2015 }}</ref> As the only site of armed conflict, the battle's name is sometimes used as a [[synonym]] for the entire Toledo War.

[[File:Phillips Corners Battlefield.jpg|thumb|right|Site of the Battle of Phillips Corners]]
Surveyors wrote to Lucas afterward that while observing "the blessings of the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]]", Michigan militia forces advised them to retreat. In the ensuing chase, "nine of our men, who did not leave the ground in time after being fired upon by the enemy, from thirty to fifty shots, were taken prisoners and carried away into [[Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh]], Michigan."<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=217}}.</ref> While the details of the attack are disputed—Michigan claimed it fired no shots, only discharging a few [[musket]] rounds in the air as the Ohio group retreated—the battle further infuriated both Ohioans and Michiganders and [[Conflict escalation|brought the two sides to the brink of all-out war]].<ref name="harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306">{{harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306}}.</ref><ref name=Galloway220>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=220}}.</ref>

=== Bloodshed in 1835 ===
[[File:Two Stickney circa 1836 drawing.png|thumb|upright|Ohioan Two Stickney, who caused the sole serious injury in the Toledo War by stabbing a Michigan sheriff's deputy]]
In response to allegations that Michigan's militia fired upon Ohioans, Lucas called a special session of Ohio's legislature on June 8 to pass several more controversial acts, including the establishment of Toledo as the [[county seat]] of Lucas County, the establishment of a Court of Common Pleas in the city, a law to prevent the forcible abduction of Ohio citizens from the area, and a budget of $300,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|300000|1835|r=-5}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) to implement the legislation.<ref name=Galloway220/> Michigan's territorial legislature responded with a budget appropriation of $315,000 to fund ''its'' militia.<ref name="DMVA"/>

In May and June, Michigan drafted a [[Constitution of Michigan|state constitution]], with provisions for a [[bicameral]] legislature, a [[Supreme Court of Michigan|supreme court]], and other components of a functional state government.<ref name=Galloway220/><ref name="MASON"/> Congress was still not willing to allow Michigan's entry into the Union, and Jackson vowed to reject Michigan's statehood until the border issue and war were resolved.<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=227}}.</ref>

Lucas ordered his [[adjutant general]], Samuel C. Andrews, to conduct a count of the militia, and was told that 10,000 volunteers were ready to fight. That news became exaggerated as it traveled north, and soon thereafter the Michigan territorial press dared the Ohio "million" to enter the Strip as they "welcomed them to hospitable graves".<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=28}}.</ref>

In June 1835, Lucas dispatched a delegation consisting of U.S. Attorney [[Noah Haynes Swayne]], former Congressman [[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]], and [[David T. Disney]] to Washington D.C. to confer with Jackson. The delegation presented Ohio's case and urged Jackson to address the situation swiftly.<ref>{{harvp|Way|1869|p=33}}.</ref><ref name="harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221">{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221}}.</ref>

Throughout mid-1835, both governments continued their practice of [[one-upmanship|oneupmanship]], and constant skirmishes and arrests occurred. Citizens of Monroe County joined in a posse to make arrests in Toledo. Partisans from Ohio, angered by the harassment, targeted the offenders with criminal prosecutions.<ref name="umich_hti"/> Lawsuits were rampant and served as a basis for retaliatory lawsuits from the opposite side.<ref name = "umich_hti"/> Partisans of both sides organized spying parties to keep track of the sheriffs of [[Wood County, Ohio]], and Monroe County, Michigan, who were entrusted with the security of the border.<ref name = "umich_hti">{{harvp|Way|1869|p=29}}.</ref>

On July 15, Monroe County, Michigan, Deputy Sheriff Joseph Wood went into Toledo to arrest Major Benjamin Stickney, but when Stickney and his family resisted, the whole family was subdued and taken into custody.<ref name = "umich_hti"/> During the scuffle, the major's son Two Stickney stabbed Wood with a penknife and fled into Ohio. Wood's injuries were not life-threatening.<ref name="harvp|Wittke|1895|p=306"/> When Lucas refused Mason's demand to extradite Two Stickney to Michigan for trial, Mason wrote to Jackson for help, suggesting that the matter be referred to the [[United States Supreme Court]]. At the time of the conflict it was not established that the Supreme Court could resolve state boundary disputes, and Jackson declined the request.<ref>{{harvp|Dunbar|May|1995|p=216}}.</ref> Looking for peace, Lucas began making his own efforts to end the conflict, again through federal intervention via Ohio's congressional delegation.<ref name="harvp|Galloway|1895|p=221"/>
{{Wikisource| Michigan Constitution of 1835}}In August 1835, at the strong urging of Ohio's members of Congress, Jackson removed Mason as Michigan's territorial governor and appointed [[John S. Horner|John S. ("Little Jack") Horner]] in his stead. Before his replacement arrived, Mason ordered 1,000 Michigan militiamen to enter Toledo and prevent the symbolically important first session of the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. While the idea was popular with Michigan residents, the effort failed: the judges held a midnight court before quickly retreating south of the Maumee River, where Ohio forces were positioned.<ref>{{harvp|Mendenhall|Graham|1895|p=199}}.</ref>

=== Frostbitten Convention and the end of the Toledo War ===
Horner proved extremely unpopular as governor and his tenure was very short. Residents disliked him so much they burned him in [[effigy]] and pelted him with vegetables upon his entry into the territorial capital. In the October 1835 elections, voters approved the draft constitution and re-elected Mason governor. The same election saw [[Isaac E. Crary]] chosen as Michigan's first [[United States Representative|U.S. Representative]] to Congress. Because of the dispute, Congress refused to accept his credentials and seated him as a non-voting delegate. The two [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] chosen by the state legislature in November, [[Lucius Lyon]] and [[John Norvell]], were treated with even less respect, being allowed to sit only as spectators in the Senate gallery.<ref name="DMVA"/>

[[File:Bilde-frost.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Journal of the 1836 Michigan Territorial Convention, often called the Frostbitten Convention]]
On June 15, 1836, Jackson signed a bill that allowed Michigan to become a state, but only after it ceded the Toledo Strip. In exchange for this concession, Michigan would be granted the western three-quarters of what is now known as the Upper Peninsula (the easternmost portion had already been included in the state boundaries).<ref>{{harvp|Galloway|1895|p=228}}.</ref> Because of the perceived worthlessness of the Upper Peninsula's remote wilderness, which was ill-suited for agriculture, a September 1836 special convention in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] rejected the offer.<ref name="Wittkeopcit">{{harvp|Wittke|1895|p=318}}.</ref>

As the year wore on, Michigan found itself deep in financial crisis, nearly bankrupt because of the high militia expenses. The government was spurred to action by the realization that a $400,000 surplus (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|400000|1836|r=-6}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) in the [[United States Treasury]] was about to be distributed to the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union#Admissions of new states beyond the thirteen original colonies|25 states]] but not to territorial governments; Michigan would have been ineligible to receive a share.<ref name="MASON">{{cite web|last=Baker |first=Patricia J. |date=January 1, 2001 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0,1607,7-212--52864--,00.html |title=Stevens Thompson Mason |publisher=State of Michigan |access-date=May 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509115902/http://www.michigan.gov/formergovernors/0%2C1607%2C7-212--52864--%2C00.html |archive-date=May 9, 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:Upper peninsula Toledo War.png|thumb|right|The [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]]. Congress offered the region in red to the state of [[Michigan]] in exchange for the Toledo Strip, as a compromise.]]The war unofficially ended on December 14, 1836, at a second convention in Ann Arbor. Delegates passed a resolution to accept Congress's terms. The calling of the convention was itself controversial. It came about only because of an upswelling of private summonses, petitions, and public meetings. Since the legislature did not approve a call to convention, some said the convention was illegal. [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] boycotted the convention. As a consequence, the resolution was ridiculed by many Michigan residents.<ref name="Wittkeopcit" /> Congress questioned the convention's legality, but accepted its results. Because of these factors, as well as a notable cold spell, the event became known as the Frostbitten Convention.<ref name="Wittkeopcit"/>

On January 26, 1837, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=MI |title= Michigan Quarter |publisher= U.S. Mint |access-date= May 13, 2006 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060614181851/http://usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=MI |archive-date= June 14, 2006 }}</ref> without the Toledo Strip but with the entire Upper Peninsula.<ref name="Wittkeopcit" />