Editing Toledo, Spain (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:Braun Toledo UBHD.jpg|thumb|upright=2.3|center|Toledo as depicted in the ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'' (1572)]]
During the persecution of the Jews in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, members of the local Jewish community produced texts on their long history in Toledo.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
<!--[[File:El Greco - View and Plan of Toledo - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|200x200px|''[[View and Plan of Toledo]]'' by city resident [[El Greco]] c. 1608]]-->
After the crushing of the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], [[Charles I of Spain|Charles V]]'s court was installed in Toledo, with the monarch choosing the city as his residence at least 15 times from 1525 on.<ref name=vaquero /> Charles granted the city a coat of arms.<ref name=vaquero /> From 1528 to 1561 the population increased from 31,930 to 56,270.<ref name=vaquero>{{Cite web|year=2013|publisher=Ateneo de Toledo|url=http://www.ateneodetoledo.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Felipe-II-y-Toledo.pdf|first=Ángel|last=Santos Vaquero|title=¿Por qué Felipe II trasladó la Corte de Toledo a Madrid?}}</ref> In 1561, during the first years of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]'s reign, the royal court was moved to [[Madrid]].

The archbishops of Toledo remained powerful brokers in the political and religious affairs of Spain for the rest of the ''Ancien Régime'',<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/2211/ELEM8282120367A.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Historiografía de la Iglesia de Toledo en los siglos XVI a XIX|first=José Antonio|last=García Luján|page=367|journal=En la España medieval|issn=0214-3038|volume=2|year=1982}}</ref> also owning large amounts of seigneurial land across most of the southern half of the [[Meseta Central|Inner Plateau]] and some nearby territories.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://webs.ucm.es/BUCM/tesis//19972000/H/0/H0054001.pdf|title=La población del arzobispado de Toledo en los Tiempos Modernos|first=José|last=Camacho Cabello|year=1996|pages=13–14}}</ref>

[[File:Women at the Siege of the Alcázar in Toledo - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Republican militia women besieging the Alcázar, controlled by the Nationalist faction]]
The mass arrival of deported unruly [[Moriscos]] from [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Granada]] ('moriscos nuevos') in Toledo and its lands (6,000 arrived to the city only, at least temporarily){{Sfn|Gómez Vozmediano|1999|pp=77–78}} in the wake of the [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)|Alpujarras rebellion]] posed a formidable logistic challenge, and the uneasy preexisting system of social relations between the ''moros viejos'' ('old Moors') and the [[Old Christian]]s was disrupted.{{Sfn|Gómez Vozmediano|1999|pp=95–96}} By and large, Granadan new Moriscos were subject to xenophobic abuse and became stigmatised as bloodthirsty and sacrilegious.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Delincuencia y conflictividad morisca en tierras toledanas (ss. XV-XVII)|first=Miguel Fernando|last=Gómez Vozmediano|journal=Anales Toledanos|issn=0538-1983|issue=37|year=1999<!--|pages=67–106-->|url=https://realacademiatoledo.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/05.-Delincuencia-y-conflictividad-morisca-en-tierras-toledanas-ss.-Xv-XVII-por-Miguel-Fernando-G%C3%B3mez-Vozmediano.pdf|pages=95–96}}</ref>

[[File:1858-06-30, El Museo Universal, Inauguración del ferro-carril de Toledo.jpg|thumb|left|Opening of the railway in Toledo in June 1858]]

The city excelled in [[silk]] manufacturing during the early modern period. The silk industry reached a peak in the 16th century, entering a protracted decline in the later years of that century and ultimately disappearing by the turn of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Incidentes en el mundo sedero de Toledo. Siglo XVIII|url=http://www.tiemposmodernos.org/tm3/index.php/tm/article/view/2076/725|first=Ángel|last=Santos Vaquero|year=2017|journal=Tiempos Modernos|volume=8|issue=35|pages=151–168}}</ref>
<!--[[File:Panorama of Toledo from the Virgen del Valle by Juan Laurent.jpg|Panorama of Toledo from the Virgen del Valle by Juan Laurent, c. 1872, [https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/solemnity-of-shadows.html Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC]|right|frameless]]-->

The [[Peninsular War]] affected the city in a very negative way.{{sfn|Cerro Malagón|1995|p=22}} Over the 19th century, Toledo underwent a progressive change from a convent city to a bureaucratic city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://descargasarchivo.toledo.es/high.raw?id=0000008091&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=La+calle+y+el+agua+en+el+Toledo+del+siglo+XIX.+Propuestas+y+realidades+urbanas+%2F+Rafael+del+Cerro+Malag%C3%B3n.-..pdf|page=12|title=La calle y el agua el el Toledo del siglo XIX. Propuestas y realidades urbanas|publisher=Instituto Provincial de Investigaciones y Estudios Toledanos. [[Provincial Deputation of Toledo|Diputación Provincial de Toledo]]|year=1995|first=Rafael del|last=Cerro Malagón|isbn=84-87103-52-9}}</ref> The city being quite impervious to external influence at the time, the [[bourgeoisie]] exerted a limited influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciudadespatrimonio.org/publicaciones/evolucion-urbana/toledo.pdf|title=La evolución urbana de Toledo|page=12|first=J. Ignacio|last=Álvarez Ahedo|year=2017}}</ref>

Following the exclusion of Toledo from the railway to the Portuguese border in the 1850s, the construction of a rail connection from Castillejo to Toledo promoted by the [[José de Salamanca, 1st Count of los Llanos|Marquis of Salamanca]] was approved in June 1856.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/castilla-la-mancha/toledo/abci-ferrocarril-y-primera-estacion-toledana-1858-1919-201904092101_noticia.html|website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|title=El ferrocarril y la primera estación toledana (1858-1919)|date=12 April 2019|first=Rafael del|last=Cerro Malagón}}</ref> The line was opened on 12 June 1858.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/toledo/20140318/abcp-estacion-tren-toledo-llega-20140318.html|website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]|title=La estación de tren de Toledo llega a su centenario|date=18 March 2014|first=M|last=Cebrián}}</ref> Tourism fostered by the arrival of rail contributed to the development of the [[hospitality industry]] in the late 19th century.{{sfn|Cerro Malagón|1995|p=28}} By the turn of the 20th century, Toledo's population stood at about 23,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Storm|page=352|first=Eric|url=https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/400/401|location=Madrid|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|journal=[[Hispania. Revista Española de Historia]]|year=2013|volume=73|issue=244|issn=0018-2141|doi=10.3989/hispania.2013.010|title=Patrimonio local, turismo e identidad nacional en una ciudad de provincias: Toledo a principios del siglo XX|doi-access=free|hdl=1887/26207|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The neighborhood of [[Santa Bárbara (Toledo)|Santa Bárbara]] came into existence after the arrival of rail.{{sfn|Álvarez Ahedo|2017|pp=16–17}}

Following the [[Spanish coup of July 1936|July 1936 coup d'etat in Spain]], the acting military commander in Toledo, [[José Moscardó]], refused to provide weapons to Madrid and hid instead in the [[Alcázar of Toledo|Alcázar]] with a garrison of about 1,000 rebels, food, ammunition and some hostages.{{Sfn|Reig Tapia|1998|pp=120–121}} After 21 July, they became subject to [[Siege of the Alcázar|an unsuccessful siege by forces loyal to the Republic]] during the early stages of the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{Sfn|Reig Tapia|1998|p=112}} Leading rebel general (and soon-to-be "''caudillo''") [[Francisco Franco]] and his [[Army of Africa (Spain)|Army of Africa]] took a detour from their advance towards Madrid (which gave the Republicans time to build up the defenses in Madrid and receive early foreign support) and lifted the siege of the Alcázar in late September 1936.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gorostiza Langa|year=2013|volume=17|issue=457|journal=Scripta Nova|publisher=[[University of Barcelona|Universitat de Barcelona]]|location=Barcelona|issn=1138-9788|first1=Santiago|last2=Saurí Pujol|first2=David|url=http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-457.htm|title=Salvaguardar un recurso precioso: la gestión del agua en Madrid durante la guerra civil española (1936-1939)}}</ref> The two months of resistance of the garrisoned rebel military would become a core symbol of the mythology built around the [[Francoist regime]] and its ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reig Tapia|first=Alberto|title=El asedio del Alcázar: mito y símbolo político del franquismo|journal=[[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]|issn=0048-7694|url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/RevEsPol/article/download/46754/28238
|issue=101|year=1998|page=110}}</ref>
[[File:Himmoscaralcaz1940.jpg|left|thumb|[[Heinrich Himmler]] and General [[José Moscardó]] visiting the ruins of the Alcázar]]
In October 1940, [[Heinrich Himmler]], leading Nazi and Chief of German Police, [[Visit of Heinrich Himmler to Spain in 1940|visited Spain]] on the invitation extended by Director General of Security [[José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní]]. The main purpose of the visit was to inspect the Spanish security forces, discuss Spanish-German police cooperation, and prepare for the planned [[meeting at Hendaye]] between Franco and Hitler. During his trip, Himmler visited the ruins of the Alcázar. 

By 1950, the population was around 40,243.{{sfn|Álvarez Ahedo|2017|p=18}} Urban planning vis-à-vis the development of the neighborhoods of Palomarejos and [[Santa María de Benquerencia|Polígono]] ensued in the second half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Álvarez Ahedo|2017|p=18}}

[[File:Toledo Spain by Nedi Lufcic.jpg|thumb|Spanish rooftop view by Nedi Lufcic]]

In the 1980s, in the context of the creation of the [[autonomous communities]] in Spain, Toledo became the ''de facto'' capital of the autonomous community of [[Castilla–La Mancha]], hosting the seat of the [[Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha]] (the regional legislature) and the presidency of the [[Regional Government of Castile-La Mancha|regional government]] (the executive).

Toledo continues to be a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world who come to see historic landmarks, such as the Toledo Cathedral, the Alcázar, and the many synagogues and mosques that reflect its diverse cultural past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toledo: Spain's Historic, Spiritual, and Artistic Capital |url=https://classroom.ricksteves.com/videos/toledo-spain-s-historic-spiritual-and-artistic-capital |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=classroom.ricksteves.com |language=en}}</ref>

Toledo hosts numerous cultural events and festivals, such as Semana Santa (Holy Week) processions and the Corpus Christi festival, which draw large crowds and celebrate [[Castilian Spanish]] religious and cultural traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toledo {{!}} History, Culture & Architecture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Toledo-Spain |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>