Editing Tikal (section)

==History==

===Preclassic===

There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC, in the Middle Preclassic.<ref name=w262/> A cache of Mamon [[pottery|ceramics]] dating from about 700–400 BC were found in a sealed [[chultun]], a subterranean bottle-shaped chamber.<ref>Coe 1999, p.55.</ref>

Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period, first appearing around 400–300 BC, including the building of major [[Mesoamerican pyramids|pyramids]] and platforms, although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as [[El Mirador]] and [[Nakbe]].<ref name=w262/><ref>Coe 1999, p.73.</ref> At this time, Tikal participated in the widespread [[Chikanel]] culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time – a region that included the entire [[Yucatán Peninsula]] including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize.<ref>Coe 1999, pp.73, 80.</ref>

Two temples dating to Late Chikanel times had masonry-walled [[superstructure]]s that may have been [[Corbel arch|corbel-vaulted]], although this has not been proven. One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a [[scrollwork]] background, painted in yellow, black, pink and red.<ref name=c75/>

In the 1st century AD, rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined.<ref name=w262/> At the end of the Late Preclassic, the [[Izapa]]n style art and architecture from the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] Coast began to influence Tikal, as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the [[acropolis]] and early murals at the city.<ref>Coe 1999, p.78.</ref>

===Early Classic===

Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal. According to later [[hieroglyph]]ic records, the dynasty was founded by Yax Ehb Xook, perhaps in the 1st century AD.<ref name=c90/> At the beginning of the Early Classic, power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul, in the core of the Maya heartland.<ref>Miller 1999, pp.88-9.</ref>

Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as [[El Mirador]]. In the Early Classic Tikal rapidly developed into the most dynamic city in the Maya region, stimulating the development of other nearby [[List of Maya sites|Maya cities]].<ref>Webster 2002, p.191.</ref>

The site, however, was often at [[Maya warfare|war]] and inscriptions tell of alliances and conflict with other Maya states, including [[Uaxactun]], [[Caracol]], [[Naranjo]] and [[Calakmul]]. The site was defeated at the end of the Early Classic by Caracol, which rose to take Tikal's place as the paramount center in the southern Maya lowlands.<ref>Sharer 1994, p.265.</ref> The earlier part of the Early Classic saw hostilities between Tikal and its neighbor Uaxactun, with Uaxactun recording the capture of prisoners from Tikal.<ref name=k129>Kelly 1996, p.129.</ref>

There appears to have been a breakdown in the male succession by AD 317, when Lady [[Unen Bahlam]] conducted a Kʼatun-ending ceremony, apparently as queen of the city.<ref name="Martin & Grube 2000, p.27">Martin & Grube 2000, p.27.</ref>

====Tikal and Teotihuacan====
[[File:Mexico SunMoonPyramid.jpg|thumb|The great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the [[Valley of Mexico]] appears to have decisively intervened in Tikal politics.]]

As early as 200 AD, Teotihuacan had embassies in Tikal.<ref>''The Origins & Collapse of the Preclassic Maya in the Mirador Basin'' – Richard Hansen at The Library of Congress (2014)</ref>

The fourteenth king of Tikal was Chak Tok Ichʼaak (Great Jaguar Paw).<ref name=c90>Coe 1999, p.90.</ref> Chak Tok Ichʼaak built a palace that was preserved and developed by later rulers until it became the core of the [[Central Acropolis]].<ref name=w192/> Little is known about Chak Tok Ichʼaak except that he was killed on 14 January 378 AD.{{contradictory inline |article=Siyaj K'ak' |reason=Other article says 16 January|date=November 2020}} On the same day, [[Siyaj Kʼakʼ]] (Fire Is Born) arrived from the west, having passed through [[El Perú (Maya site)|El Peru]], a site to the west of Tikal, on 8 January.<ref name=c90/> On [[Stele|Stela]] 31 he is named as "Lord of the West".<ref name=d199/> Siyaj Kʼakʼ was probably a foreign general serving a figure represented by a non-Maya hieroglyph of a [[atlatl|spearthrower]] combined with an owl, a glyph that is well known from the great metropolis of [[Teotihuacan]] in the distant Valley of Mexico. [[Spearthrower Owl]] may even have been the ruler of Teotihuacan. These recorded events strongly suggest that Siyaj Kʼakʼ led a Teotihuacan invasion that defeated the native Tikal king, who was captured and immediately executed.<ref>Coe 1999, pp.90–1.</ref> Siyaj Kʼakʼ appears to have been aided by a powerful political faction at Tikal itself;<ref>Webster 2002, p.133.</ref> roughly at the time of the conquest, a group of Teotihuacan natives were apparently residing near the Lost World complex.<ref name=d201/> He also exerted control over other cities in the area, including Uaxactun, where he became king, but did not take the throne of Tikal for himself.<ref name=w262/><ref name=d200>Drew 1999, p.200.</ref> Within a year, the son of Spearthrower Owl by the name of [[Yax Nuun Ahiin I]] (First Crocodile) had been installed as the fifteenth king of Tikal while he was still a boy, being enthroned on 13 September 379.<ref name=d200/><ref name=c97>Coe 1999, p.97.</ref> He reigned for 47 years as king of Tikal, and remained a vassal of Siyaj Kʼakʼ for as long as the latter lived. It seems likely that Yax Nuun Ayiin I took a wife from the preexisting, defeated, Tikal dynasty and thus legitimized the right to rule of his son, Siyaj Chan Kʼawiil II.<ref name=d200/>

[[Río Azul]], a small site {{convert|100|km|mi|sp=us}} northeast of Tikal, was conquered by the latter during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The site became an outpost of Tikal, shielding it from hostile cities further north, and also became a trade link to the Caribbean.<ref>Drew 1999, pp.201–2</ref>

Although the new rulers of Tikal were foreign, their descendants were rapidly Mayanized. Tikal became the key ally and trading partner of Teotihuacan in the Maya lowlands. After being conquered by Teotihuacan, Tikal rapidly dominated the northern and eastern Peten. Uaxactun, together with smaller towns in the region, were absorbed into Tikal's kingdom. Other sites, such as [[Bejucal (Mesoamerican site)|Bejucal]] and [[Motul de San José]] near [[Lake Petén Itzá]] became [[vassal state|vassals]] of their more powerful neighbor to the north. By the middle of the 5th century Tikal had a core territory of at least {{convert|25|km|mi|sp=us}} in every direction.<ref name=d201>Drew 1999, p.201.</ref>

Around the 5th century, an impressive system of fortifications consisting of ditches and [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] was built along the northern periphery of Tikal's hinterland, joining up with the natural defenses provided by large areas of swampland lying to the east and west of the city. Additional fortifications were probably also built to the south. These defenses protected Tikal's core population and agricultural resources, encircling an area of approximately {{convert|120|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name=w262/> Recent research suggests that the earthworks served as a water collection system rather than a defensive purpose.<ref name= C202>Silverstein 2009</ref>

====Tikal and Copán====
In the 5th century, the power of the city reached as far south as [[Copán]], whose founder [[Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Mo']] was clearly connected with Tikal.<ref name=w192>Webster 2002, p.192.</ref> Copán itself was not in an ethnically Maya region and the founding of the Copán dynasty probably involved the direct intervention of Tikal.<ref name=af407>Wyllys Andrews & Fash 2005, p.407.</ref> Kʼinich Yax Kukʼ Moʼ arrived in Copán in December 426, and bone analysis of his remains shows that he passed his childhood and youth at Tikal.<ref name=faf26>Fash & Agurcia Fasquelle 2005, p.26.</ref> An individual known as [[Ajaw]] Kʼukʼ Mo' (lord Kʼukʼ Moʼ) is referred to in an early text at Tikal and may well be the same person.<ref>Looper 2003, p.37.</ref> His tomb had Teotihuacan characteristics and he was depicted in later portraits dressed in the warrior garb of Teotihuacan. Hieroglyphic texts refer to him as "Lord of the West", much like Siyaj Kʼakʼ.<ref name=faf26/> At the same time, in late 426, Copán founded the nearby site of [[Quiriguá]], possibly sponsored by Tikal itself.<ref name=af407/> The founding of these two centers may have been part of an effort to impose Tikal's authority upon the southeastern portion of the Maya region.<ref>Looper 2003, p.38.</ref> The interaction between these sites and Tikal was intense over the next three centuries.<ref>Looper 1999, p.263.</ref>

A long-running rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul began in the 6th century, with each of the two cities forming its own network of mutually hostile alliances arrayed against each other in what has been likened to [[Tikal–Calakmul wars|a long-running war]] between two Maya superpowers. The kings of these two capitals adopted the title ''kaloomteʼ'', a term that has not been precisely translated but that implies something akin to "[[high king]]".<ref>Webster 2002, pp.168-9.</ref>

The early 6th century saw another queen ruling the city, known only as the "[[Lady of Tikal]]", who was very likely a daughter of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II. She seems never to have ruled in her own right, rather being partnered with male co-rulers. The first of these was Kaloomteʼ Bʼalam, who seems to have had a long career as a general at Tikal before becoming co-ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence. The Lady of Tikal herself seems not have been counted in the dynastic numbering. It appears she was later paired with lord "Bird Claw", who is presumed to be the otherwise unknown 20th ruler.<ref name=mg38-9/>

===Late Classic===

====Tikal hiatus====
[[File:Tikal-Plaza-And-North-Acropolis.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The main plaza during winter solstice celebrations]]
In the mid 6th century, Caracol seems to have allied with Calakmul and defeated Tikal, closing the Early Classic.<ref name=m89>Miller 1999, p.89.</ref> The "Tikal hiatus" refers to a period between the late 6th to late 7th century where there was a lapse in the writing of inscriptions and large-scale construction at Tikal. In the latter half of the 6th century AD, a serious crisis befell the city, with no new [[stelae]] being erected and with widespread deliberate mutilation of public sculpture.<ref name=c94/> This hiatus in activity at Tikal was long unexplained until later [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] decipherments identified that the period was prompted by Tikal's comprehensive defeat at the hands of Calakmul and the Caracol polity in AD 562, a defeat that seems to have resulted in the capture and [[Human sacrifice|sacrifice]] of the king of Tikal.<ref name=w262>Webster 2002, p.262.</ref> The badly eroded [[Caracol#Altar21|Altar 21]] at Caracol described how Tikal suffered this disastrous defeat in a major war in April 562.<ref>Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica by Walter Robert Thurmond Witschey and Clifford T. Brown, p. 313.</ref> It seems that Caracol was an ally of Calakmul in the wider conflict between that city and Tikal, with the defeat of Tikal having a lasting impact upon the city.<ref name=w192/> Tikal was not sacked but its power and influence were broken.<ref>Webster 2002, pp.192-3.</ref> After its great victory, Caracol grew rapidly and some of Tikal's population may have been forcibly relocated there. During the hiatus period, at least one ruler of Tikal took refuge with [[Janaabʼ Pakal]] of [[Palenque]], another of Calakmul's victims.<ref name=w193/> Calakmul itself thrived during Tikal's long hiatus period.<ref>Webster 2002, p.194.</ref>

The beginning of the Tikal hiatus has served as a marker by which [[archeologist|archaeologist]]s commonly subdivide the Classic period of [[Mesoamerican chronology]] into the Early and Late Classic.<ref>Miller and Taube 1993, p.20.</ref>

====Tikal and Dos Pilas====

In 629, Tikal founded [[Dos Pilas]], some {{convert|110|km|mi|sp=us}} to the southwest, as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the [[Pasión River]].<ref>Salisbury et al. 2002, p.1.</ref> [[Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil]] was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635. When he was older, for many years he served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal.<ref>Salisbury et al. 2002, pp.2-3.</ref> Roughly twenty years later, Dos Pilas was attacked by Calakmul and was soundly defeated. Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil was captured by the king of Calakmul but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re-instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy.<ref>Salisbury et al. 2002, p.2.</ref>

He attacked Tikal in 657, forcing [[Nuun Ujol Chaak]], then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem [[glyph]] of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. For some reason, Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil into an exile that lasted five years.<ref>Webster 2002, p.276.</ref> Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas, and Caracol.<ref>Hammond 2000, p.220.</ref>

In 682, [[Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I]] erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of ''kaloomteʼ'', so ending the hiatus. He initiated a program of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when, in 695, he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered. After this, Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory.<ref name=w193>Webster 2002, p.193.</ref>

====Tikal after Teotihuacan====
By the 7th century, there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by 700. Even after this, formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style.<ref>Miller 1999, p.105.</ref> Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I and his heir Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil continued hostilities against Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal, extending as far as the territory around Lake Petén Itzá. These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today.<ref name=w263/>

In 738, Quiriguá, a vassal of Copán, Tikal's key ally in the south, switched allegiance to Calakmul, defeated Copán and gained its own independence.<ref name=af407/> It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal's southern allies.<ref>Looper 2003, p.79.</ref> This upset the balance of power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of Copán.<ref>Wyllys Andrews & Fash 2005, p.408.</ref>

In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis.<ref name="Miller 1999, p.33">Miller 1999, p.33.</ref> By the late 8th century and early 9th century, activity at Tikal slowed. Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers.<ref name=w263>Webster 2002, p.263.</ref>

===Terminal Classic===

By the 9th century, the crisis of the [[Classic Maya collapse]] was sweeping across the region, with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence.<ref>Martin & Grube 2000, pp.52-3.</ref> Increasingly [[endemic warfare]] in the Maya region caused Tikal's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself, accelerating the use of [[Intensive farming|intensive agriculture]] and the corresponding [[Environmental degradation|environmental decline]].<ref>Webster 2002, p.340.</ref> Construction continued at the beginning of the century, with the erection of Temple 3, the last of the city's major [[pyramid]]s, and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th [[Kʼatun]] in 810.<ref name=mg52>Martin & Grube 2000, p.52.</ref> The beginning of the 10th [[Baktun|Bakʼtun]] in 830 passed uncelebrated, and marks the beginning of a 60-year hiatus, probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city.<ref name=mg53>Martin & Grube 2000, p.53.</ref> During this hiatus, satellite sites traditionally under Tikal's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the Mutal emblem glyph, with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence.<ref name=w263/> In 849, Jewel Kʼawiil is mentioned on a stela at [[Seibal]] as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal's once-great power was little more than a memory. The sites of [[Ixlu]] and [[Jimbal]] had by now inherited the once exclusive Mutal [[Maya script#Emblem glyphs|emblem glyph]].<ref name=mg53/>

As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population, the area suffered deforestation, soil erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels. Recent analysis also indicates that the city's freshwater sources became highly contaminated with [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[phosphate]] and [[cyanobacteria]] leading to the accumulation of toxins.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-03|title=The Mayan city of Tikal succumbed to 'water pollution'|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/environmental-protection/the-mayan-city-of-tikal-succumbed-to-water-pollution-experts-say/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost most of their population between 830 and 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly.<ref name="w264">Webster 2002, p.264.</ref> There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic, although an influx of refugees from the [[Petexbatún]] region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources.<ref name="w273">Webster 2002, p.273.</ref>

[[File:Tikal12.jpg|thumb|left|The site core seen from the south, with Temple I at center, the North Acropolis to the left and Central Acropolis to the right]]
In the latter half of the 9th century, there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much-diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II in 869. This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. The former satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in 889. By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by [[Squatting|squatters]] and simple [[thatching|thatched]] dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas. The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non-utilitarian items such as musical instruments. These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities, far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them. Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations. Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared, with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for [[Jade use in Mesoamerica|jade]] and the easier-to-find tombs were looted. After 950, Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins. Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the next thousand years. Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the [[Peten Lakes]] region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century.<ref name=w264/><ref name=mg53/><ref name=w273/>

The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure. The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic [[Maya civilization]], the city having been at the forefront of courtly life, [[Maya art|art]] and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty.<ref>Webster 2002, p.274.</ref> However, new research regarding paleoenvironmental proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal,<ref>Tamberino 2013, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377866689</ref> fouling some reservoirs near the temple and palace with [[algae bloom]]s, while other reservoirs remained drinkable. Buildings were painted with [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]-bearing [[cinnabar]], which were washed off by rain and polluted some reservoirs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lentz |first1=David L. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Trinity L. |last3=Dunning |first3=Nicholas P. |last4=Scarborough |first4=Vernon L. |last5=Luxton |first5=Todd P. |last6=Vonderheide |first6=Anne |last7=Tepe |first7=Eric J. |last8=Perfetta |first8=Cory J. |last9=Brunemann |first9=James |last10=Grazioso |first10=Liwy |last11=Valdez |first11=Fred |last12=Tankersley |first12=Kenneth B. |last13=Weiss |first13=Alison A. |title=Molecular genetic and geochemical assays reveal severe contamination of drinking water reservoirs at the ancient Maya city of Tikal |journal=Scientific Reports |date=25 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=10316 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-67044-z|pmid=32587274 |pmc=7316703 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1010316L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Michael |title=Ancient Maya reservoirs contained toxic pollution: study |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-06-ancient-maya-reservoirs-toxic-pollution.html |website=phys.org |language=en |date=25 June 2020}}</ref> 
Works of Kohler and colleagues<ref>Kohler et al. (2017) Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature (551) : 619–622 (30 November 2017) https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24646</ref> showed that this city reached an unsustainable level of inequalities at the end.{{clarify|date=January 2018}}

===Modern history===
[[File:Tikal1882.jpeg|thumb|right|One of Maudsley's photos of Tikal from 1882, taken after vegetation had been cleared]]
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| caption1          = Drawing of Tikal by mid-19th-century visitor Eusebio Lara
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| caption2          = Archeologist [[Edwin M. Shook]], field director of the Tikal Project; Shook was also instrumental in having Tikal established as Guatemala's first National Park.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040829163820/http://www.obitcentral.com/obitsearch/obits/misc/anthro16.htm Edwin Shook at ObitCentral.]}}</ref>
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In 1525, the Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Hernán Cortés]] passed within a few kilometers of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters.<ref>Webster 2002, pp.83–4.</ref> After Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño became lost in the Petén forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal.<ref>Jones 1998, pp. 218–219. Means 1917, p. 167.</ref>

As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region. It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s.<ref name=w261/> Some second- or third-hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century, continuing through the writings of [[John Lloyd Stephens]] in the early 19th century (Stephens and his illustrator [[Frederick Catherwood]] heard rumors of a lost city, with white building tops towering above the jungle, during their 1839–40 travels in the region). Because of the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no explorers visited Tikal until Modesto Méndez and Ambrosio Tut, respectively the commissioner and the governor of [[Petén Department|Petén]], visited it in 1848. Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in [[Germany]] in 1853.<ref name=k139/> Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th century (including [[Alfred P. Maudslay]] in 1881–82) and the early 20th century. Pioneering archaeologists started to clear, map and record the ruins in the 1880s.<ref name=w261/>

In 1951, a small airstrip was built at the ruins,<ref name=k140/> which previously could only be reached by several days' travel through the jungle on foot or [[mule]]. In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area.<ref>Adams 2000, p.19.</ref> From 1956 through 1970, major archaeological excavations were carried out by the [[University of Pennsylvania]] Tikal Project.<ref name=a30>Adams 2000, p.30.</ref> They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures.<ref name=w261/> Excavations directed by [[Edwin M. Shook]] and later by [[William Robertson Coe II|William Coe]] of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969.<ref name=mg43/> The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site.<ref name=w261/> In 1979, the Guatemalan government began a further archaeological project at Tikal, which continued through to 1984.<ref name=a30/>

Filmmaker [[George Lucas]] used Tikal as a filming location for the fictional moon [[Yavin 4]] in the first ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film, which premiered in 1977.<ref>Webster 2002, p.29.</ref><ref>StarWars.com</ref> Subsequent Star Wars movie [[Rogue One]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://architizer.com/blog/practice/details/the-architecture-of-rogue-one-a-star-wars-story/ |title=The Architecture of “Rogue One: A Star Wars Story” |date=2016-12-15 |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref> and [[Andor season 2|season 2 of TV series Andor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/andor-season-2-star-wars-yavin-4-canon |title=Andor Season 2 Will Forever Change One Iconic Star Wars Location |date=2025-02-25 |access-date=2025-05-19 }}</ref> (2025) were also filmed at Tikal for the same fictional location.

Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the [[Guatemalan quetzal|50 centavo banknote]].<ref>Banco de Guatemala.</ref>

[[Eon Productions]] used the site for the James Bond film ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]''.<ref name="DVD booklet">{{cite book|title =Moonraker Special Edition, Region 2 booklet|year=2000<!-- |access-date = 3 October 2008--> |publisher=United Artists}}</ref>

Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park.<ref name=w261/> A site museum has been built at Tikal; it was completed in 1964.<ref>Coe 1967, 1988, p.10.</ref>