Editing Thermobaric weapon (section)

==Development==
===German===
The first attempts occurred during the [[First World War]] when incendiary shells (in German 'Brandgranate') used a slow but intense burning material, such as tar impregnated tissue and gunpowder dust. These shells burned for approximately 2 minutes after the shell exploded and spread the burning elements in every direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Main Types of Artillery Ammunition in 1914-1918 |url=http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/decouvertes/english_fusees_munitions.html#speciaux |website=passioncompassion1418 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
In [[World War II]], the German [[Wehrmacht]] attempted to develop a vacuum bomb,<ref name=Hanson/> under the direction of the Austrian physicist [[Mario Zippermayr]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karlsch|first=Rainer|date=24 September 2007|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/massenvernichtungswaffe-grossvaters-vakuumbombe-1461621.html|title=Massenvernichtungswaffe: Großvaters Vakuumbombe|trans-title=Weapon of Mass Destruction: Grandfather's Vacuum Bomb|language=de|newspaper=Faz.net|access-date=2020-06-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811071041/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/massenvernichtungswaffe-grossvaters-vakuumbombe-1461621.html|archive-date=2020-08-11}}</ref>

The weapon was claimed by a weapons specialist (K.L. Bergmann) to have been tested on the Eastern front under the code-name "Taifun B" and was ready for deployment during the Normandy invasion in June, 1944.  Apparently, canisters of a charcoal, aluminium and aviation fuel would have been launched, followed with a secondary launch of incendiary rockets.  It was destroyed by a Western artillery barrage minutes before being fired just before [[Operation Cobra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eckhertz|first=Holger|title=D Day through German Eyes}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:A-1E 1SOS PavePat 1968.jpg|thumb|A BLU-72/B bomb on a USAF [[A-1 Skyraider|A-1E]] taking off from [[Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base|Nakhon Phanom]] in [[Thailand]], in September 1968]]
FAEs were developed by the United States for use in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="US_therm">{{cite journal |last1=Andrew |first1=D |title=Munitions – Thermobaric Munitions and their Medical Effects! |journal=Australian Military Medicine |date=1 May 2003 |pages=9–12 |url=https://jmvh.org/article/munitions-thermobaric-munitions-and-their-medical-effects/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227051431/https://jmvh.org/article/munitions-thermobaric-munitions-and-their-medical-effects/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[CBU-55]] FAE fuel-air cluster bomb was mostly developed by the US Naval Weapons Center at China Lake, California.<ref name="TNMA010713"/>

Current American FAE munitions include the following:
* BLU-73 FAE I
* BLU-95 {{cvt|500|lb|kg}} (FAE-II)
* BLU-96 {{cvt|2,000|lb|kg}} (FAE-II)
* [[CBU-72]] FAE I
* [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] missile
* XM1060 grenade
* SMAW-NE round for rocket launcher

The XM1060 40-mm grenade is a small-arms thermobaric device, which was fielded by US forces in Afghanistan in 2002, and proved to be popular against targets in enclosed spaces, such as caves.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hambling |first1=David |title=Thermobaric Grenade Brings Down the House? (Updated) |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/11/thermobaric-gre/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |magazine=Wired |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309150140/https://www.wired.com/2007/11/thermobaric-gre/ |archive-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> Since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the US Marine Corps has introduced a thermobaric "Novel Explosive" ([[SMAW-NE]]) round for the [[Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon|Mk 153 SMAW]] rocket launcher. One team of Marines reported that they had destroyed a large one-story masonry type building with one round from {{convert|100|yd}}.<ref>David Hambling (2005) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150208100217/http://defensetech.org/2005/11/14/marines-quiet-about-brutal-new-weapon/ "Marines Quiet About Brutal New Weapon"]}}</ref> The [[AGM-114 Hellfire|AGM-114N Hellfire II]],<ref>{{cite web|title=HELLFIRE Thermobaric Warhead Approved for Production|url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2005-08-23-HELLFIRE-Thermobaric-Warhead-Approved-for-Production|last=|first=|website=www.lockheedmartin.com|language=en-EN|date=2022|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> uses a Metal Augmented Charge (MAC) warhead, which contains a thermobaric explosive fill that uses aluminium powder coated or mixed with [[PTFE]] layered between the charge casing and a PBXN-112 explosive mixture. When the PBXN-112 detonates, the aluminium mixture is dispersed and rapidly burns. The result is a sustained high pressure that is extremely effective against people and structures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guest |first1=Tim |title=Thermobarics – Developments and Deployments |url=https://euro-sd.com/2022/11/articles/26805/thermobarics-developments-and-deployments/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=European Security & Defence |date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324212551/https://euro-sd.com/2022/11/articles/26805/thermobarics-developments-and-deployments/ |archive-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

===Soviet, later Russian===
[[File:RPO-A missile and launcher.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|A Soviet [[RPO-A Shmel]] (Bumblebee) rocket and launcher]]

Following FAEs developed by the United States for use in the [[Vietnam War]],<ref name="US_therm"/> [[Soviet Union]] scientists quickly developed their own FAE weapons. Since Afghanistan, research and development has continued, and Russian forces now field a wide array of third-generation FAE warheads,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/press/2000/02/chech0215b.htm |title=Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ('Vacuum Bombs') |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=27 December 2008 |access-date=30 July 2009 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115025754/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/press/2000/02/chech0215b.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> such as the [[RPO-A Shmel|RPO-A]].<ref name="Kolev21">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/prep.202100195|title=Aluminized Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder |year=2022 |last1=Kolev |first1=Stefan K. |last2=Tsonev |first2=Tsvetomir T. |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |volume=47 |issue=2 |s2cid=244902961 }}</ref><ref name="Lester2000">Lester W. Grau and Timothy L. Thomas (Marine Corps Gazette, April 2000) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20051113123217/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Rusn_leslrn.htm Russian Lessons Learned From the Battles For Grozny]" </ref> The [[Russian armed forces]] have developed thermobaric ammunition variants for several of their weapons, such as the TBG-7V thermobaric grenade with a lethality radius of {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}}, which can be launched from a [[rocket propelled grenade]] (RPG) [[RPG-7]]. The [[GM-94]] is a {{convert|43|mm|in|abbr=on}} pump-action [[grenade launcher]] designed mainly to fire thermobaric grenades for [[close combat]]. The grenade weighed {{convert|250|g|abbr=on}} and contained {{convert|160|g|abbr=on}} of explosive, its lethality radius is {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}}, but due to the deliberate "fragmentation-free" design of the grenade, a distance of {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} is considered safe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/gm-94-e.html |title=Modern Firearms – GM-94 |location=Russia |publisher=World Guns |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155807/http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/gm-94-e.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The RPO-A and upgraded RPO-M are infantry-portable rocket propelled grenades designed to fire thermobaric rockets. The RPO-M, for instance, has a thermobaric warhead with a [[TNT equivalent|TNT equivalence]] of {{convert|5.5|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and destructive capabilities similar to a {{convert|152|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} [[high-explosive fragmentation]] artillery shell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensereview.com/new-rpo-shmel-m-infantry-rocket-flamethrower-man-packable-thermobaric-weapon/|title=New RPO Shmel-M Infantry Rocket Flamethrower Man-Packable Thermobaric Weapon|publisher=defensereview.com|date=19 July 2006|access-date=27 August 2012|archive-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027212445/http://www.defensereview.com/new-rpo-shmel-m-infantry-rocket-flamethrower-man-packable-thermobaric-weapon/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/small-arms-guns-grenade-launchers/flame-throwers/rpo-pdm-a-shmel-m |title=Shmel-M: Infantry Rocket-assisted Flamethrower of Enhanced Range and Lethality |publisher=Kbptula.ru |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229005328/http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/small-arms-guns-grenade-launchers/flame-throwers/rpo-pdm-a-shmel-m |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[RPG-27|RShG-1]] and the [[RPG-26|RShG-2]] are thermobaric variants of the RPG-27 and RPG-26 respectively. The RShG-1 is the more powerful variant, with its warhead having a {{convert|10|m|adj=on}} lethality radius and producing about the same effect as {{convert|6|kg|abbr=on}} of TNT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/rshg-1-e.html |title=Modern Firearms – RShG-1 |location=Russia |publisher=World Guns |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031124458/http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/rshg-1-e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The RMG is a further derivative of the RPG-26 that uses a [[tandem-charge]] warhead, with the precursor [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) warhead blasting an opening for the main thermobaric charge to enter and detonate inside.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/rmg-e.html |title=Modern Firearms – RMG |location=Russia |publisher=World Guns |date=24 January 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817060459/http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/rmg-e.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The RMG's precursor HEAT warhead can penetrate 300&nbsp;mm of [[reinforced concrete]] or over 100&nbsp;mm of [[rolled homogeneous armour]], thus allowing the {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}}-diameter thermobaric warhead to detonate inside.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/20081109_rmg.html |title=RMG – A new Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon from Bazalt |date=9 November 2008 |publisher=defense-update.com |access-date=27 August 2012 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713042830/http://defense-update.com/20081109_rmg.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other examples include the [[semi-automatic command to line of sight]] (SACLOS) or millimeter-wave [[active radar homing]] guided thermobaric variants of the [[9M123 Khrizantema]], the 9M133F-1 thermobaric warhead variant of the [[9M133 Kornet]], and the 9M131F thermobaric warhead variant of the [[9K115-2 Metis-M]], all of which are [[anti-tank missile]]s. The Kornet has since been upgraded to the Kornet-EM, and its thermobaric variant has a maximum range of {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and has a TNT equivalence of {{convert|7|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/antitank-guided-weapon-assault-arms/kornet-em/portable-transportable-launcher |title=Kornet-EM: Multi-purpose Long-range Missile System |location=Russia |publisher=Kbptula |access-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229005232/http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/antitank-guided-weapon-assault-arms/kornet-em/portable-transportable-launcher |archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref> The {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} 9M55S thermobaric cluster warhead rocket was built to be fired from the [[BM-30 Smerch]] [[multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]]. A dedicated carrier of thermobaric weapons is the purpose-built [[TOS-1]], a 24-tube MLRS designed to fire {{convert|220|mm|in|abbr=on}} thermobaric rockets. A full salvo from the TOS-1 will cover a rectangle {{convert|200|by|400|m|yd|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos1.htm |title=TOS-1 Heavy flamethrower system |publisher=military-today.com |access-date=27 August 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010001958/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos1.htm |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander-M]] [[theatre ballistic missile]] can also carry a {{convert|700|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} thermobaric warhead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-26/|title=SS-26|publisher=Missilethreat.csis.org|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195341/http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-26/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many [[Russian Air Force]] munitions have thermobaric variants. The {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[S-8 rocket]] has the S-8DM and S-8DF thermobaric variants. The S-8's {{convert|122|mm|in|abbr=on}} brother, the [[S-13 rocket|S-13]], has the S-13D and S-13DF thermobaric variants. The S-13DF's warhead weighs only {{convert|32|kg|abbr=on}}, but its power is equivalent to {{convert|40|kg|abbr=on}} of TNT. The KAB-500-OD variant of the [[KAB-500KR]] has a {{convert|250|kg|abbr=on}} thermobaric warhead. The ODAB-500PM and ODAB-500PMV<ref>{{cite web|title=ODAB-500PMV Fuel-Air-Explosive bomb |website=Rosoboronexport|url=http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/air-bombs/odab-500pmv/|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-date=2019-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829100316/http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/aerospace-systems/air-bombs/odab-500pmv/|url-status=live}}</ref> unguided bombs carry a {{convert|190|kg|abbr=on}} fuel–air explosive each. ODAB-1500 is a larger version of the bomb.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian forces destroy 300 Ukrainian troops in pinpoint air strike | website=TASS | date=2024-03-16 | url=https://tass.com/defense/1760351 | ref={{sfnref | TASS | 2024}} | access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref> The KAB-1500S [[GLONASS]]/[[GPS]] guided {{convert|1500|kg|abbr=on}} bomb also has a thermobaric variant. Its fireball will cover a {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}} radius and its lethal zone is a {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} radius.<ref>{{cite web |author=Air Power Australia |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-040707-1.html |title=How to Destroy the Australian Defence Force |publisher=Ausairpower.net |date=4 July 2007 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033732/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-040707-1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[9M120 Ataka-V]] and the [[9K114 Shturm]] ATGMs both have thermobaric variants.

In September 2007, Russia exploded the largest thermobaric weapon ever made, and claimed that its yield was equivalent to that of a nuclear weapon.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/12/2030378.htm |title= Russia unveils devastating vacuum bomb |access-date= 12 September 2007 |year= 2007 |publisher= ABC News |archive-date= 30 December 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101230190527/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/12/2030378.htm |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6990000/newsid_6991000?redirect=6991006.stm&news=1&bbwm=1&bbram=1&nbram=1&nbwm=1&asb=1|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202232034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6990000/newsid_6991000?redirect=6991006.stm&news=1&bbwm=1&bbram=1&nbram=1&nbwm=1&asb=1|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2 February 2009|title= Video of test explosion|access-date= 12 September 2007|year= 2007|work= BBC News}}</ref> Russia named this particular ordnance the "[[Father of All Bombs]]" in response to the American-developed [[GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb|Massive Ordnance Air Blast]] (MOAB) bomb, which has the [[backronym]] "Mother of All Bombs" and once held the title of the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in history.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2167175,00.html |title= Russia unveils the father of all bombs |access-date= 12 September 2007 |work= The Guardian |location= London |first= Luke |last= Harding |date= 12 September 2007 |archive-date= 16 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191016202829/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/12/russia.lukeharding |url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Iraq ===
Iraq was alleged to possess the technology as early as 1990.<ref name=serra/>

=== Israel ===
Israel was alleged to possess thermobaric technology as early as 1990, according to Pentagon sources.<ref name=serra/>

=== Spain ===
In 1983, a program of military research was launched with collaboration between the Spanish [[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defence]] (Directorate General of Armament and Material, DGAM) and Explosivos Alaveses (EXPAL) which was a subsidiary of [[Unión Explosivos Río Tinto]] (ERT). The goal of the programme was to develop a thermobaric bomb, the BEAC (''Bomba Explosiva de Aire-Combustible'').<ref name="serra">{{cite news |title=Serra no descarta que España tenga bombas de aire-combustible |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/10/11/espana/655599603_850215.html |publisher=EDICIONES EL PAÍS |language=es |date=11 October 1990}}</ref> A prototype was tested successfully in a foreign location out of safety and confidentiality concerns.<ref name=hemero>{{Cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/10/22/023.html|title=Pilotos españoles probaron la Superbomba Aire-Combustible en un país extranjero, p. 23 – ABC.es |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |date=22 October 1990 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122055/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/10/22/023.html|url-status=live |language=es}}</ref> The [[Spanish Air and Space Force]] has an undetermined number of BEACs in its inventory.<ref name=eles>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elespiadigital.com/index.php/noticias/geoestrategia/4504-idispone-espana-de-armas-estrategicas|title=¿Dispone España de armas estratégicas?|website=www.elespiadigital.com|date=9 February 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2016 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727155320/http://www.elespiadigital.com/index.php/noticias/geoestrategia/4504-idispone-espana-de-armas-estrategicas |url-status=live |first=Juan |last=Aguilar }}</ref>

=== China ===
In 1996, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) began development of the {{ill|PF-97|zh|97式单兵云爆火箭筒}}, a portable thermobaric rocket launcher, based on the Soviet [[RPO-A Shmel]]. Introduced in 2000 it is reported to weigh 3.5&nbsp;kg and contains 2.1&nbsp;kg of thermobaric filler. An improved version called the PF-97A was introduced in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=PF-97 Thermobaric rocket launcher |url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/pf_97.htm |website=Military Today |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121170229/http://www.military-today.com/firearms/pf_97.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

China is reported to have other thermobaric weapons, including bombs, grenades and rockets.<ref name="Lopez080818">{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Eddie |title=Will Thermobaric Weapons Overwhelm the Military Health System? |url=https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/articles/will-thermobaric-weapons-overwhelm-the-military-health-system/ |website=War Room - US Army War College |date=8 August 2018 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Research continues on thermobaric weapons capable of reaching 2,500 degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Better than laser?China's thermobaric bomb reaches 2500 degrees high temperature, once exported, the United States will be miserable? |url=https://inf.news/en/military/10ddd209d6618798906965db879e0063.html |website=INews |access-date=14 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{dubious|date=April 2023}}{{clarify|date=October 2024}}

=== Brazil ===
In 2004, under the request of the ''Estado Maior da Aeronáutica'' (Military Staff of Aeronautics) and the ''Diretoria de Material Aeronáutico e Bélico'' (Board of Aeronautical and Military Equipment) the ''Instituto de Aeronautica e Espaço'' ([[Institute of Aeronautics and Space]]) started developing a thermobaric bomb called '''Trocano '''.

'''Trocano''' is a thermobaric weapon similar in design to the United States' [[GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast|MOAB]] weapon or Russia's [[Father of All Bombs|FOAB]]. Like the US weapon, the Trocano was designed to be pallet-loaded into a [[C-130 Hercules]] aircraft, and deployed using a parachute to drag it from the C-130's cargo bay and separate the bomb from its pallet.<ref>http://www.iae.cta.br/Arquivos/Relatorio_de_atividades_2011.pdf|title=Relatorio{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} de atividades 2011|trans-title=2011 Activities Report|publisher=Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço [Brazilian Aeronautics and Space Institute]|accessdate=20 November 2015</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In 2009, the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|British Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) acknowledged that [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] (AAC) [[AgustaWestland Apache]]s had used AGM-114 Hellfire missiles purchased from the United States against [[Taliban]] forces [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|in Afghanistan]]. The MoD stated that 20 missiles, described as "blast fragmentation warheads", were used in 2008 and a further 20 in 2009. MoD officials told ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' journalist [[Richard Norton-Taylor]] that the missiles were "particularly designed to take down structures and kill everyone in the buildings", as AAC AgustaWestland Apaches were previously equipped with weapon systems deemed ineffective to combat the Taliban. The MoD also stated that "British pilots' [[rules of engagement]] were strict and everything a pilot sees from the [[cockpit]] is recorded."<ref name="Norton-Taylor">{{Cite news|first=Richard|last=Norton-Taylor|authorlink=Richard Norton-Taylor|title=MoD admits use of controversial 'enhanced blast' weapons in Afghanistan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/28/british-pilots-afghanistan-thermobaric-weapons|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 May 2009|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, the MoD accidentally divulged the details of [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper]]s utilised by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) during the [[Syrian civil war]], which revealed that the drones were equipped with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. The MoD had sent a report to a British publication, ''Drone Wars'', in response to a [[Freedom of information in the United Kingdom|freedom of information request]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Linda|last=Kay|title=UK Troops Using Deadly 'Thermobaric' Weapons In Syrian Civil War: Report|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/2018/05/03/uk-troops-using-deadly-thermobaric-weapons-in-syrian-civil-war-report.html#.Yi6fiC08ahA|publisher=Defense World|date=3 May 2018|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> In the report, it was stated that AGM-114N Hellfire missiles which contained a thermobaric warhead were used by RAF attack drones in Syria.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Chris|last=Cole|title=MoD accidentally reveals British drones firing thermobaric missiles in Syria|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/2018/05/03/uk-troops-using-deadly-thermobaric-weapons-in-syrian-civil-war-report.html#.Yi6fiC08ahA|publisher=Defense World|date=3 May 2018|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Linda|last=Kay|title=UK Troops Using Deadly 'Thermobaric' Weapons In Syrian Civil War: Report|url=https://dronewars.net/2018/05/02/mod-accidentally-reveals-british-drones-firing-thermobaric-missiles-in-syria/|publisher=Drone Wars|date=2 May 2018|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

===India===
Based on the [[high-explosive squash head]] (HESH) round, a 120&nbsp;mm thermobaric round was developed in the 2010s by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]]. This HESH round packs thermobaric explosives into the tank shells to increase the effectiveness against enemy bunkers and light armoured vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|title=120 mm Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun &#124; Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|website=www.drdo.gov.in|access-date=2021-05-26|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526092959/https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|url-status=live}}</ref>

The design and the development of the round was taken up by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE). The rounds were designed for the [[Arjun MBT]]. The TB rounds contains fuel rich explosive composition called thermobaric explosive. As the name implies, the shells, when they hit a target, produce blast overpressure and heat energy for hundreds of milliseconds. The overpressure and heat causes damage to enemy fortified structures like bunkers and buildings and for soft targets like enemy personnel and light armoured vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526092959/https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun|url-status=dead|title=120 mm Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) and Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun &#124; Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|archivedate=26 May 2021|website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fire-power of DRDO's Arjun Tank takes quantum jump with new ammunition: MoD|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fire-power-of-drdos-arjun-tank-takes-quantum-jump-with-new-ammunition-mod/articleshow/50514955.cms|access-date=2021-09-23|archive-date=2018-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805144407/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fire-power-of-drdos-arjun-tank-takes-quantum-jump-with-new-ammunition-mod/articleshow/50514955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Serbia===
The company Balkan Novoteh, formed in 2011, provides the Thermobaric hand grenade TG-1 to the market.<ref name="tg1">{{cite news |title=Thermobaric Hand Grenade TG-1 |publisher=Balkan Novoteh |url=https://balkannovoteh.com/products/thermobaric-mixtures-and-ammunition/thermobaric-hand-grenade-tg-1 |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

Military Technical Institute in Belgrade has developed a technology for producing cast-cured thermobaric PBX explosives. Since recently, the Factory of Explosives and Pyrotechnics TRAYAL Corporation has been producing cast-cured thermobaric PBX formulations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trayal.rs/eksplozivi-i-pirotehnicka-sredstva/ubojna-sredstva/ | title=Ubojna sredstva }}</ref>

===Ukraine===
In 2017 [[Ukroboronprom]]'s Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Products in conjunction with {{ill|Artem State Enterprise|uk|Артем (холдингова компанія)}} (aka Artem Holding Company) announced to the market its new product, the {{ill|RGT-27S|uk|РГТ-27С}}. These can be combined with the {{ill|RPV-16|uk|РПВ-16}} grenade launcher, a demonstration of which was witnessed by [[Oleksandr Turchynov]]. The grenades, of approximately 600 grams, "create a two second fire cloud with a volume of not less than 13 m³, inside of which the temperature reaches 2,500 degrees{{clarify|date=October 2024}}. This temperature allows not only for the destruction of the enemy, but are also able to disable lightly armored vehicles."<ref name="uaw">{{cite news |title=Ukraine developed a new thermobaric weapon |url=https://www.uawire.org/news/a-new-thermobaric-weapon-was-developed-in-ukraine |publisher=UAWire |date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="udr4">{{cite news |title=Ukrainian Defense Review |url=https://issuu.com/ukrainian_defense_review/docs/udr-04-2017_screen |issue=#4 |publisher=Defense Express |page=32 |date=October–December 2017}}</ref> The firm showed them at the [[Azerbaijan International Defense Exhibition]] in 2018.<ref name="adex">{{cite news |last1=Gyűrösi |first1=Miroslav |title=ADEX-2018 cz. 2 |url=https://zbiam.pl/artykuly/adex-2018-cz-2/ |publisher=Zespół Badán I Analiz Militarnych Sp. Z O.O. |date=December 2018}}</ref>

In 2024, Ukraine started using drones rigged with thermobaric explosives to strike Russian positions in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name="ukrainian_drones">{{cite news |last1=Hambling|first1=David |title=Thermobaric Drones Blast Russian Positions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2024/01/23/thermobaric-drones-blast-russian-positions/?sh=39efb1095c58 |work=Forbes |date=May 2024}}</ref>