Editing The Star-Spangled Banner (section)

==Modern history==
{{Main|Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner}}

===Performances===
[[File:Usnationalanthemcrowd.jpg|thumb|Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at [[Coors Field]] in [[Denver]]]]
The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range{{spaced ndash}}a [[Interval (music)|twelfth]]. Humorist [[Richard Armour]] referred to the song's difficulty in his book ''It All Started With Columbus'':

{{blockquote|In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key {{small|{{sic}}}} wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=The Grammar of Rock: Art and Artlessness in 20th Century Pop Lyrics |last=Theroux |first=Alexander |date=February 16, 2013 |publisher=Fantagraphics Books |isbn=9781606996164 |pages=22 }}</ref>}}

Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and [[Lip sync|lip-synced]]. Pop singer [[Christina Aguilera]] performed wrong lyrics to the song prior to [[Super Bowl XLV]], replacing the song's fourth line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the second line, "what so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/06/aguilera-flubs-national-anthem-at-super-bowl/?hpt=C2|title=Aguilera flubs national anthem at Super Bowl|date=2011-02-06|work=CNN|access-date=February 7, 2011|archive-date=February 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210044342/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/06/aguilera-flubs-national-anthem-at-super-bowl/?hpt=C2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as [[Boston]]'s [[Fenway Park]], according to the [[SABR]] publication ''The Fenway Project''.<ref>{{cite web|work=Red Sox Connection|url=http://www.redsoxconnection.com/fenwayproject.html|title=The Fenway Project&nbsp;– Part One|date=May 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101190408/http://www.redsoxconnection.com/fenwayproject.html|archive-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref>

"The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed regularly at the beginning of [[NFL]] games since the end of [[WWII]] by order of NFL commissioner [[Elmer Layden]].<ref>{{cite web|work=History.com|url=https://www.history.com/news/why-the-star-spangled-banner-is-played-at-sporting-events|title=History.com article para 6|date=September 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916173107/https://www.history.com/news/why-the-star-spangled-banner-is-played-at-sporting-events|archive-date=September 16, 2018}}</ref> The song has also been intermittently performed at baseball games since after [[WWI]]. The [[National Hockey League]] and [[Major League Soccer]] both require venues in both the U.S. and [[Canada]] to perform both the [[O Canada|Canadian]] and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first).<ref name="NHL-Anthems">{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Kevin|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2003-03-23-anthem-booing_x.htm|title=NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song|work=[[USA Today]]|date=March 23, 2003}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=this doesn't mention that the practice is required|date=October 2012}} It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at [[Major League Baseball]] and [[National Basketball Association]] games involving the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] and the [[Toronto Raptors]] respectively, the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in [[All-star game|All Star Games]] in [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|MLB]], the [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA]], and the [[National Hockey League All-Star Game|NHL]]. The [[Buffalo Sabres]] of the [[National Hockey League]], which play in a city on the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]] and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sabres.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=36566#linkN |title=Fanzone, A–Z Guide: National Anthems |website=Buffalo Sabres |access-date=November 20, 2014 |quote=If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at [[First Niagara Center]], you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems...}}</ref> Recently with the NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB playing international games outside of the United States and Canada, "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed alongside the host country's national anthem.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sullivan |first1=Cole |title=National Anthem Performance Before Jaguars-Bears Game in London Goes Viral |url=https://athlonsports.com/nfl/national-anthem-performance-before-jaguars-bears-game-in-london-goes-viral |website=Athlon Sports |access-date=29 November 2024 |date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]]. On September 12, 2001, [[Elizabeth II]], [[Elizabeth II|the Queen of the United Kingdom]], broke with tradition and allowed the [[Band of the Coldstream Guards]] to perform the anthem at [[Buckingham Palace]], [[London]], at the ceremonial [[Changing of the guards|Changing of the Guard]], as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.<ref>Graves, David (September 14, 2001) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1340465/Palace-breaks-with-tradition-in-musical-tribute.html "Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved August 24, 2011</ref> The following day at a [[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.<ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615063646/http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-steyn091701.shtml|archive-date=June 15, 2013|url=http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-steyn091701.shtml |first=Mark |last=Steyn|date=September 17, 2001|work=National Review |access-date=April 10, 2013|title=The Queen's Tears/And global resolve against terrorism}}</ref> The Star Spangled Banner was played by the Coldstream Guards again at [[Windsor Castle]] on the 20th anniversary of the attacks.<ref>{{Citation |title=9/11 anniversary: U.S. anthem at UK's royal castle | date=September 11, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRhg91ak_7E |access-date=2024-03-10 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]], the anthem was sung by protesters demonstrating outside the U.S. consulate-general in an appeal to the U.S. government to help them with their cause.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hong-kong-protesters-sing-star-spangled-banner-appeal-trump-liberate-n1051166|title=Hong Kong protesters sing U.S. anthem in appeal for Trump's help|date=September 8, 2019 |publisher=NBC News|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910012949/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hong-kong-protesters-sing-star-spangled-banner-appeal-trump-liberate-n1051166|archive-date=September 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hong-kong-protesters-call-on-trump-to-liberate-hong-kong/2019/09/08/4123008c-d215-11e9-9610-fb56c5522e1c_story.html|title=Hong Kong protesters sing 'Star-Spangled Banner,' call on Trump to 'liberate' the city|first1=Timothy|last1=McLaughlin|first2=Casey|last2=Quackenbush|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203162815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hong-kong-protesters-call-on-trump-to-liberate-hong-kong/2019/09/08/4123008c-d215-11e9-9610-fb56c5522e1c_story.html|archive-date=December 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/thousands-rally-in-hong-kong-for-u-s-bill-supporting-citys-special-status-11571074463|title=Thousands Rally in Hong Kong for U.S. Bill Supporting City's Autonomy|first=Mike|last=Cherney|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=October 14, 2019|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104144640/https://www.wsj.com/articles/thousands-rally-in-hong-kong-for-u-s-bill-supporting-citys-special-status-11571074463|archive-date=November 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===200th anniversary celebrations===
The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by [[John Williams]] and participation of President [[Barack Obama]] on [[Defenders Day (Maryland)|Defenders Day]], September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/francis-scott-keys-anthem-keeps-askinghave-we-survived-as-a-nation/2014/09/11/4061854c-39b3-11e4-9c9f-ebb47272e40e_story.html|title=Francis Scott Key's anthem keeps asking: Have we survived as a nation?|author=Michael E. Ruane|date=September 11, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration<ref>[https://www.anthembicentennial.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030852/https://www.anthembicentennial.org/|date=November 29, 2014}}</ref> including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.

===Adaptations===
{{see also|The Star Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)}}
[[File:Oer the ramparts we watch.jpg|thumb|''O'er the ramparts we watch'' in a 1945 [[United States Army Air Forces]] poster by [[Jes Wilhelm Schlaikjer]]]]
The first [[popular music]] performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] singer and guitarist [[José Feliciano]]. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, [[blues]]-style rendition of the song<ref name=pc52>{{Gilliland |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19834/m1/ |title=Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8] |show=52 |track=5}}</ref> at [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]] in Detroit before game five of the [[1968 World Series]], between [[Detroit Tigers|Detroit]] and [[St. Louis Cardinals|St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul White, USA Today Sports |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/gameon/2012/10/14/jose-feliciano-star-spangled-banner-giants-cardinals-nlcs-guitar/1633487/ |title=Jose Feliciano's once-controversial anthem kicks off NLCS |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=October 14, 2012 |access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the [[Vietnam War]]-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since.<ref>Jose Feliciano [http://josefeliciano.com/index.php?page=anthem Personal account about the anthem performance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220235/http://josefeliciano.com/index.php?page=anthem |date=October 8, 2015 }}</ref> One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] lifted controversial [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|raised fists at the 1968 Olympics]] while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a [[Olympic medal|medal ceremony]].

Rock guitarist [[Jimi Hendrix]] often included a solo instrumental performance at concerts from 1968 to his death in 1970. Using [[Distortion (music)|high gain and distortion]] amplification effects and the [[Vibrato systems for guitar|vibrato arm]] on his guitar, Hendrix was able to simulate the [[Dive bomb (guitar technique)|sounds of rockets and bombs]] at the points when the lyrics are normally heard.<ref name="Cross">{{cite book| last = Cross| first = Charles R.| author-link = Charles R. Cross| title = [[Room Full of Mirrors|Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix]]| edition = 1st. Trade Paperback| location = New York City| publisher = [[Hachette Books#Hyperion Books|Hyperion Books]]| year = 2005| isbn = 0-7868-8841-5| pages = 271–272}}</ref> One such performance at the [[Woodstock]] music festival in 1969 was a highlight of the event's [[Woodstock (film)|1970 documentary film]], becoming "part of the sixties [[Zeitgeist]]".<ref name="Cross"/> When asked about negative reactions to his "unorthodox" treatment of the anthem, Hendrix, who served briefly in the U.S. Army, responded "I'm American so I played it{{nbsp}}... Unorthodox? I thought it was beautiful, but there you go."<ref>{{cite book| last = Roby| first = Steven| year = 2012| title = Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix| location = Chicago| publisher = [[Chicago Review Press]]| isbn = 978-1-61374-322-5| pages = 221–222}}</ref> The Woodstock version by Jimi Hendrix was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award#s |title=Grammy Hall of Fame Awards |publisher=The [[Grammy Awards]] |access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>

[[Marvin Gaye]] gave a [[Soul music|soul]]-influenced performance at the [[1983 NBA All-Star Game]] and [[Whitney Houston]] gave a soulful rendition before [[Super Bowl XXV]] in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with [[José Feliciano]], the only times the national anthem has been on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleford |first=Tom |date=2023-02-13 |title=Marvin Gaye Spices Up "The Star-Spangled Banner" At NBA All-Star Game, On This Day In 1983 [Watch] |url=https://liveforlivemusic.com/news/marvin-gaye-star-spangled-banner-on-this-day-1983/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=L4LM |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Roseanne Barr]] gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a [[San Diego Padres]] baseball game at [[Jack Murphy Stadium]] on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she mocked ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a [[Jockstrap|protective cup]]. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. president, [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-28-me-537-story.html |title=Roseanne Is Sorry – but Not That Sorry |author=Letofsky, Irv |date=July 28, 1990 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref> [[Steven Tyler]] also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the [[Indianapolis 500]], to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the [[AFC Championship Game]]) with [[a cappella]] renditions of the song with changed lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spinner.com/2012/01/23/steven-tyler-national-anthem/ |title=AOL Radio – Listen to Free Online Radio – Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists |publisher=Spinner.com |access-date=November 9, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525222913/http://www.spinner.com/2012/01/23/steven-tyler-national-anthem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At [[Super Bowl XLVIII]]'s pre-game ceremonies in 2014, soprano [[Renée Fleming]] became the first opera singer to perform the National Anthem at a [[American football|football]] game, and her emotional, groundbreaking performance (one of the most critically acclaimed renditions of all time) led the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox network]] to the highest ratings of any program in the company's history and remains so today.  In 2016, [[Aretha Franklin]] performed a rendition before the nationally-televised [[Lions–Vikings rivalry|Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions]] [[American football on Thanksgiving|Thanksgiving Day game]] lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvisations. It was one of Franklin's last public appearances before her 2018 death.<ref>{{cite web|title=That time Aretha Franklin dazzled America on Thanksgiving with national anthem|url=http://www.fox2detroit.com/news/local-news/that-time-aretha-franklin-dazzled-america-on-thanksgiving-with-national-anthem|publisher=WJBK|access-date=August 13, 2018|date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> [[Black Eyed Peas]] singer [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]] gave a controversial performance of the anthem in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy "sexed-up" version of the anthem, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her performance compared to that of [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s 1962 performance of "[[Happy Birthday, Mr. President]]". Fergie later apologized for her performance of the song, stating that <nowiki>''I'm a risk taker artistically, but clearly this rendition didn'</nowiki>t strike the intended tone".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-43125698|title=Fergie apologises for national anthem|date=February 20, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 1, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the [[National Anthem Project]], was launched after a [[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris Interactive]] poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnap.org/factsheet.html |title=Harris Interactive poll on "The Star-Spangled Banner" |publisher=Tnap.org |access-date=June 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112200114/http://www.tnap.org/factsheet.html |archive-date=January 12, 2011 }}</ref>