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==Cultural influence== [[File:Bamboo book - binding - UCR.jpg|thumb|The beginning of ''The Art of War'' in a classical [[Bamboo and wooden slips|bamboo book]] from the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]]] === Military and intelligence applications === {{see also|Wen and wu}} Across [[East Asia]], ''The Art of War'' was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations. During the [[Sengoku period]] ({{circa|1467–1568}}), the Japanese {{transliteration|ja|[[daimyō]]}} [[Takeda Shingen]] (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on [[gun]]s, because he studied ''The Art of War''.<ref name="Griffith 2007. p.150">{{Smallcaps|Griffith, Samuel B.}} ''The Illustrated Art of War''. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.</ref> The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard {{transliteration|ja|"[[Fūrinkazan]]"}} (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain. The translator [[Samuel B. Griffith]] offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where ''The Art of War'' is cited as influencing Mao's ''[[On Guerrilla Warfare]]'', ''[[On Protracted War|On the Protracted War]]'' and ''Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War'', and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"<ref name="Griffith 2007. p.150"/> During the [[Vietnam War]], some [[Viet Cong]] officers extensively studied ''The Art of War'' and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] successfully implemented tactics described in ''The Art of War'' during the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Giáp, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.<ref name="findarticles.com">McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, ''Military Review'', May–June 2003.{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_3_83/ai_109268913/?tag%3Duntagged|title=Learning from Sun Tzu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011212135/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_3_83/ai_109268913/?tag=untagged|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=19 December 2009}}</ref> ==== Outside East Asia ==== The United States' defeat in the Vietnam War, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory.<ref name="findarticles.com" /><ref>Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with [http://www.sonshi.com/duiker.html Sonshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118173816/https://www.sonshi.com/william-duiker-interview.html |date=18 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). ''The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. {{ASIN|B00B91XX8U}}</ref> The [[Department of the Army]] in the United States, through its [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Command and General Staff College]], lists ''The Art of War'' as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.<ref>{{cite book | last = Army | first = U. S. | year = 1985 | title = Military History and Professional Development | publisher = Combat Studies Institute | location = U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas | id = 85-CSI-21 85}}</ref> ''The Art of War'' is listed on the [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine Corps]] Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages/2005/MARINE%20CORPS%20PROFESSIONAL%20READING%20PROGRAM.aspx|title=Messages|access-date=2 June 2009|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002035318/http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages/2005/MARINE%20CORPS%20PROFESSIONAL%20READING%20PROGRAM.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Art of War'' is also used as instructional material at the [[United States Military Academy]] (commonly known as West Point), in the course Military Strategy (470).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Military Instruction Job Opportunities {{!}} United States Military Academy West Point|url=https://westpoint.edu/military/department-of-military-instruction/job-opportunities|access-date=5 June 2020|website=westpoint.edu|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213356/https://westpoint.edu/military/department-of-military-instruction/job-opportunities|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at the [[Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst]]. Some notable military leaders have stated the following about Sun Tzu and ''The Art of War'': {{blockquote|I always kept a copy of The Art of War on my desk.<ref>United States Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.</ref> – General [[Douglas MacArthur]], [[General of the Army (United States)|5 Star General]] and [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]].}} {{blockquote|I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leaderonomics.com/leadership/sun-tzu-secrets-success|title=Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics|date=2 February 2018|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113130/https://leaderonomics.com/leadership/sun-tzu-secrets-success|url-status=live}}</ref> – General [[Colin Powell]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]], and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].}} According to some authors, the strategy of [[disinformation|deception]] from ''The Art of War'' was studied and widely used by the [[KGB]]: "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness".<ref name="Albats">[[Yevgenia Albats]] and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future.'' 1994. {{ISBN|0-374-52738-5}}, chapter ''Who was behind perestroika?''</ref> ===Application outside the military=== Some of the book's admirers claim that it has a variety of applications in a myriad of competitive non-military endeavors across the modern world including espionage, culture, politics, business, and sports.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = McNeilly |first1 = Mark R. |year = 2015 |title = Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yVFjBAAAQBAJ |edition = updated |publisher = Oxford University Press |page = 301 |isbn = 9780199957859 |access-date = 14 December 2022 |quote = Sun Tzu is not talking about 'news' here but about espionage affairs, or matters or plans relating to espionage. }}</ref><ref name=wp>{{citation|last= Scott|first= Wilson|title=Obama meets privately with Jewish leaders|date=7 March 2013|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-meets-privately-with-jewish-leaders/2013/03/07/dd95b4ca-8733-11e2-999e-5f8e0410cb9d_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=22 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724060741/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-07/politics/37535039_1_nuclear-weapons-jewish-leaders-president-obama|archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=UPI>{{citation|title=Obama to challenge Israelis on peace|work=United Press International|date=8 March 2013|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/03/08/Obama-to-challenge-Israelis-on-peace/UPI-70151362729600/|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127055352/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/03/08/Obama-to-challenge-Israelis-on-peace/UPI-70151362729600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Business">{{citation|last=Garner|first=Rochelle|title=Oracle's Ellison Uses 'Art of War' in Software Battle With SAP|date=16 October 2006|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aFA0SRsqGq04|work=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020122222/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aFA0SRsqGq04|url-status=dead|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=Football>{{citation|last=Hack|first=Damon|title=For Patriots' Coach, War Is Decided Before Game|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 February 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/03/sports/football/03belichick.html|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118173749/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/03/sports/football/for-patriots-coach-waris-decided-before-game.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some business books have claimed to see metaphorical parallels from The Art of War to [[office politics]] and corporate business strategy.<ref>Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001</ref><ref>McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref><ref>Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.</ref> Some Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key [[corporate officer|executives]].<ref>Kammerer, Peter. [https://www.scmp.com/article/545583/art-negotiation "The Art of Negotiation."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715180558/https://www.scmp.com/article/545583/art-negotiation |date=15 July 2019 }} South China Morning Post (21 April 2006) p. 15</ref> Entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jeffrey | first1 = D | year = 2010 | title = A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Art of War Strategies to Professional Development | journal = The International Journal of Learning | volume = 7 | issue = 3| pages = 21–36 }}</ref> ''The Art of War'' has been the subject of legal books<ref>Barnhizer, David. ''The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles'' Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.</ref> and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.<ref>Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73</ref><ref>Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, ''[http://library.findlaw.com/2005/Dec/28/231115.html The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711081533/http://library.findlaw.com/2005/Dec/28/231115.html |date=11 July 2012 }}''</ref><ref>Pribetic, Antonin I., [http://ssrn.com/abstract=981886 "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118173713/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=981886 |date=18 January 2024 }} 21 April 2007</ref><ref>Solomon, Samuel H., [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416210012/http://www.doar.com/apps/uploads/literature13_art_of_war.pdf "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity"] 2002</ref> The book ''[[The 48 Laws of Power]]'' by [[Robert Greene (American author)|Robert Greene]] has many quotations from ''The Art of War''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/330912/the-48-laws-of-power-by-robert-greene/9780140280197|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Penguin Random House Canada|language=en|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031015807/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/330912/the-48-laws-of-power-by-robert-greene/9780140280197|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Art of War'' has also been applied in sports. [[National Football League]] coach [[Bill Belichick]], record holder of the most [[Super Bowl]] wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for ''The Art of War''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauletta |first=Tyler |date=6 December 2019 |title=Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bill-belichick-says-the-art-of-war-helped-build-patriots-dynasty-2019-12 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040109/https://www.businessinsider.com/bill-belichick-says-the-art-of-war-helped-build-patriots-dynasty-2019-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2005 |others=The New York Times |title=Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of war |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/put-crafty-belichicks-patriot-games-down-to-the-fine-art-of-war-20050204-gdkmii.html |url-access=limited |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122022347/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/put-crafty-belichicks-patriot-games-down-to-the-fine-art-of-war-20050204-gdkmii.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Brazil]]ian [[association football]] coach [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] actively used ''The Art of War'' for Brazil's successful [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]] campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of ''The Art of War'' underneath his players' doors at night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Celso de Jr. |date=1 July 2011 |title=Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-One |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/luiz-felipe-scolari-one-one |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[FourFourTwo]] |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302010609/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/luiz-felipe-scolari-one-one |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/mind-games-reach-new-high-as-scolari-studies-art-of-war-95223.html | work=Irish Independent | first=Henry | last=Winter | title=Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war | date=29 June 2006 | access-date=30 April 2011 | archive-date=20 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720234637/http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/mind-games-reach-new-high-as-scolari-studies-art-of-war-95223.html | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Playing To Win'' by [[David Sirlin]] analyses applications of the ideas from ''The Art of War'' in modern esports.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sirlin |first=David| title=Playing to Win | publisher=lulu.com| year=2005 | isbn=978-1411666795}}</ref> ''The Art of War'' was released in 2014 as an [[e-book]] companion alongside the Art of War [[Downloadable content|DLC]] for [[Europa Universalis IV]], a PC strategy game by [[Paradox Development Studios]], with a foreword by Thomas Johansson. ===Film and television=== ''The Art of War'' and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including in the 1987 movie ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'', in which [[Gordon Gekko]] ([[Michael Douglas]]) frequently references it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bud Fox: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate.|url=https://www.quotes.net/mquote/102540|access-date=5 June 2020|website=www.quotes.net|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206154411/https://www.quotes.net/mquote/102540|url-status=live}}</ref> The 20th ''[[James Bond]]'' film, ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002) also references ''The Art of War'' as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.<ref>{{Citation|title=Die Another Day (2002) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246460/characters/nm0827170|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145517/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246460/characters/nm0827170|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[The Sopranos]]'', season 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), [[Jennifer Melfi|Dr. Melfi]] suggests to [[Tony Soprano]] that he read the book.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Globe|first=Boston|title=Hey, if Tony's reading it, it's got to be good|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-05-13-0105130365-story.html|access-date=5 June 2020|website=baltimoresun.com|date=13 May 2001|language=en-US|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204062545/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-05-13-0105130365-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' first-season episode "The Last Outpost", first officer [[William Riker]] quotes ''The Art of War'': "Fear is the true enemy, the only enemy". [[Jean-Luc Picard|Captain Picard]] expressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught at [[Starfleet Academy]]. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and ''The Art of War'' with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Next Generation Transcripts - The Last Outpost |url=http://www.chakoteya.net/NextGen/107.htm |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.chakoteya.net |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113180438/http://www.chakoteya.net/NextGen/107.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Art of War (film)|The Art of War]]'' is a 2000 action spy film directed by [[Christian Duguay (director)|Christian Duguay]] and starring [[Wesley Snipes]], [[Michael Biehn]], [[Anne Archer]] and [[Donald Sutherland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160009/|title = The Art of War (2000) - IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]|access-date = 21 July 2020|archive-date = 23 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200723040741/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160009/|url-status = live}}</ref>
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