Editing Terra Australis (section)

===Mapping the southern continent===

==== Medieval period ====
{{further|Antipodes#Historical significance}}
[[File:Mapa-mundi do Liber Floridus de Lambert of Saint-Omer (c. 1120).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A map in the ''[[Liber Floridus]]'' (1090 - 1120) oriented with east on top and north to the left, depicting the known world (Asia, Europe, and Africa) to the left, and ''Terra Australis'' to the right]]
During medieval times ''Terra Australis'' was known by a different name, that being the [[Antipodes]]. First widely introduced to medieval western Europe by [[Isidore of Seville]] in his famous book the ''[[Etymologiae]]'', the idea gained popularity across Europe, and most scholars did not question its existence, instead debating if it was habitable for other humans. It would later be included on some zonal [[Mappa mundi]] and intrigue medieval scholars for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Medieval|first=Daily|date=2012-06-22|title=Daily Medieval: The Antipodes|url=https://dailymedieval.blogspot.com/2012/06/antipodes.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Daily Medieval}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haase|first1=Wolfgang|url={{GBurl|id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC|pg=241}}|title=The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European images of the Americas and the classical tradition (2 pts.)|last2=Reinhold|first2=Meyer|date=1994|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-011572-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Antipodes|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01581a.htm|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Medieval Antipodes {{!}} History Today|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/medieval-antipodes|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.historytoday.com}}</ref>

====16th century====
{{See also|Iberian cartography, 1400–1600|l1=Early modern Iberian cartography|Early modern Netherlandish cartography|l2=Early modern Netherlandish cartography and geography|Gerardus Mercator|Abraham Ortelius|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}
[[Image:Map-533.jpg|thumb|left|''Terre Australle'' by Jacques de Vaux, 1583]]
[[File:Putting Australia on the Map.ogv|thumb|left|Discussion of various names used for Australia over time]]
Explorers of the [[Age of Discovery]], from the late 15th century on, proved that Africa was almost entirely surrounded by sea, and that the Indian Ocean was accessible from both west and east.  These discoveries reduced the area where the continent could be found; however, many cartographers held to Aristotle's opinion. Scientists such as [[Gerardus Mercator]] (1569)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zuber|first=Mike A.|date=2011|title=The Armchair Discovery of the Unknown Southern Continent: Gerardus Mercator, Philosophical Pretensions and a Competitive Trade|url=https://www.academia.edu/1910165|journal=Early Science and Medicine|volume=16|issue=6|pages=505–541|doi=10.1163/157338211X607772}}</ref> and [[Alexander Dalrymple]] as late as 1767<ref name=Wilford /> argued for its existence, with such arguments as that there should be a large [[landmass]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere|south]] as a [[counterweight]] to the known landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere. As new lands were discovered, they were often assumed to be parts of the hypothetical continent.<ref>Carlos Pedro Vairo, TERRA AUSTRALIS Historical Charts of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica. Ed. Zagier & Urruty Publicationa, 2010.</ref>

The German cosmographer and mathematician [[Johannes Schöner]] (1477–1547) constructed a terrestrial globe in 1515, based on the world map and globe made by [[Martin Waldseemüller]] and his colleagues at St. Dié in Lorraine in 1507. Where Schöner departs most conspicuously from Waldseemüller is in his globe's depiction of an Antarctic continent, called by him Brasilie Regio. His continent is based, however tenuously, on the report of an actual voyage: that of the Portuguese merchants Nuno Manuel and [[Christopher de Haro|Cristóvão de Haro]] to the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]], and related in the ''Newe Zeytung auss Presillg Landt'' ("New Tidings from the Land of Brazil") published in Augsburg in 1514.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://biblio.wdfiles.com/local--files/schuller-1915-nova/schuller_1915_nova.pdf| title = Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt}}</ref> The ''Zeytung'' described the Portuguese voyagers passing through a strait between the southernmost point of America, or Brazil, and a land to the south west, referred to as ''vndtere Presill'' (or ''Brasilia inferior'').

This supposed "strait" was in fact the Rio de la Plata (or the [[San Matias Gulf]]).<ref>Stefan Zweig, Magellan, ''Pioneer of the Pacific,'' translated by Eden and Cedar Paul,  London, Cassell, 1938, p.78; Rolando A. Laguarda, ''El predescubrimiento del Rio de la Plata por la expedicion portuguesa de 1511-1512,'' Lisboa, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar Lisboa, 1973, p.141</ref> By "vndtere Presill", the Zeytung meant that part of Brazil in the lower latitudes, but Schöner mistook it to mean the land on the southern side of the "strait", in higher latitudes, and so gave to it the opposite meaning. On this slender foundation he constructed his circum-Antarctic continent to which, for the reasons that he does not explain, he gave an annular, or ring shape. In an accompanying explanatory treatise, ''Luculentissima quaedam terrae totius descriptio'' ("A Most Lucid Description of All Lands"), he explained:<blockquote>The Portuguese, thus, sailed around this region, the Brasilie Regio, and discovered the passage very similar to that of our Europe (where we reside) and situated laterally between east and west. From one side the land on the other is visible; and the cape of this region about {{convert|60 |mi|km|disp=sqbr}} away, much as if one were sailing eastward through the Straits of Gibraltar or Seville and Barbary or Morocco in Africa, as our Globe shows toward the Antarctic Pole. Further, the distance is only moderate from this Region of Brazil to Malacca, where St. Thomas was crowned with martyrdom.<ref>[[Chet van Duzer]], ''Johann Schöner's Globe of 1515: Transcription and Study,'' Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, ''Transactions,'' Volume 100, Part 5, 2010.</ref></blockquote>

On this scrap of information, united with the concept of the Antipodes inherited from Graeco-Roman antiquity, Schöner constructed his representation of the southern continent. His strait served as inspiration for [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition to reach the Moluccas by a westward route.<ref>Franz von Wieser, ''Magalhães-Strasse und Austral-Continent. Auf den Globen Johannes Schöner. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Erdkunde im xvi. Jahrhundert,'' Innsbruck, 1881 (reprinted Amsterdam, Meridian, 1967), p.&nbsp;65.</ref>

He took Magellan's discovery of Tierra del Fuego in 1520 as further confirmation of its existence, and on his globes of 1523 and 1533 he described it as ''terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita'' ("Terra Australis, recently discovered but not yet fully known"). It was taken up by his followers, the French cosmographer [[Oronce Fine]] in his world map of 1531, and the Flemish cartographers [[Gerardus Mercator]] in 1538 and [[Abraham Ortelius]] in 1570. Schöner's concepts influenced the [[Dieppe]] [[Dieppe maps|school of mapmakers]], notably in their representation of [[Jave la Grande]].<ref>Armand Rainaud, ''Le Continent Austral: Hypotheses et Découvertes,'' Paris, Colin, 1893 (repr. Amsterdam, Meridian Pub. Co., 1965), p.&nbsp;291.</ref>

In [[1539]], the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]], [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], created the [[Governorate of Terra Australis]]<ref name=Oscar>{{cite book |author1=Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar |title=La Antártica Chilena |date=November 1944 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello}}</ref>  granted to [[Pedro Sancho de la Hoz]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=Calamari, Andrea |title=El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida |url=https://www.jotdown.es/2022/06/el-conjurado-que-goberno-la-antartida/ |publisher=Jot Down |language=es |date=June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pedro Sancho de la Hoz |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/7380/pedro-sancho-de-la-hoz |publisher=Real Academia de la Historia |access-date=25 August 2022 |language=es}}</ref> who in 1540 transferred the title to the conqueror [[Pedro de Valdivia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1544 |url=http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=827&IdCategoria=40&IdArea=191&status=S&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile&pos=30 |publisher=Biografía de Chile |language=es |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819190503/http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=827&IdCategoria=40&IdArea=191&status=S&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile&pos=30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and later was incorporated to [[Kingdom of Chile|Chile]].

[[File:Le Testu 1556 4th projection.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Guillaume Le Testu]]'s 1556 ''Cosmographie Universel'', 4me projection, where the northward extending promontory of the ''Terre australle'' is called ''Grande Jaue'']]
''Terra Australis'' was depicted on the mid-16th-century [[Dieppe maps]], where its coastline appeared just south of the islands of the East Indies; it was often elaborately charted, with a wealth of fictitious detail. There was much interest in ''Terra Australis'' among [[Normandy|Norman]] and [[Brittany|Breton]] merchants at that time. In 1566 and 1570, Francisque and [[André d'Albaigne]] presented [[Gaspard II de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny]], Admiral of France, with projects for establishing relations with the Austral lands. Although the Admiral gave favourable consideration to these initiatives, they came to nought when Coligny was [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre|killed in 1572]].<ref>E.T. Hamy, "Francisque et André d'Albaigne: cosmographes lucquois au service de la France"; "Nouveau documents sur les frères d'Albaigne et sur le projet de voyage et de découvertes présenté à la cour de France"; and "Documents relatifs à un projet d'expéditions lointaines présentés à la cour de France en 1570", in ''Bulletin de Géographie Historique et Descriptive,'' Paris, 1894, pp. 405–433; 1899, pp. 101–110; and 1903, pp. 266–273.</ref>

[[Image:Cornelius Wytfliet South 1597.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hypothetical ''Terra Australis'' in a map by [[Cornelius Wytfliet]] from 1597]]
[[Image:Mercator World Map.jpg|thumb|upright 1.35|right|Terra Australis occupies a large part of the southern hemisphere in this world map of 1587 by [[Rumold Mercator]], the son of [[Gerardus Mercator]].]]

Gerardus Mercator believed in the existence of a large Southern continent on the basis of cosmographic reasoning, set out in the abstract of his ''Atlas or Cosmographic Studies in Five Books,'' as related by his biographer, Walter Ghim, who said that even though Mercator was not ignorant that the Austral continent still lay hidden and unknown, he believed it could be "demonstrated and proved by solid reasons and arguments to yield in its geometric proportions, size and weight, and importance to neither of the other two, nor possibly to be lesser or smaller, otherwise the constitution of the world could not hold together at its centre".<ref>Walter Ghim, "Vita…Gerardi Mercatoris Rupelmundani", ''Gerardi Mercatoris Atlas sive Cosmographice Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricate Figura,'' Amsterdami, 1606, p.&nbsp;12.</ref>

The Flemish geographer and cartographer, [[Cornelius Wytfliet]], wrote concerning the ''Terra Australis'' in his 1597 book, ''Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum'': 
<blockquote>The terra Australis is therefore the southernmost of all other lands, directly beneath the antarctic circle; extending beyond the tropic of Capricorn to the West, it ends almost at the equator itself, and separated by a narrow strait lies on the East opposite to New Guinea, only known so far by a few shores because after one voyage and another that route has been given up and unless sailors are forced and driven by stress of winds it is seldom visited. The terra Australis begins at two or three degrees below the equator and it is said by some to be of such magnitude that if at any time it is fully discovered they think it will be the fifth part of the world.

Adjoining Guinea on the right are the numerous and vast Solomon Islands which lately became famous by the voyage of Alvarus Mendanius.<ref>Australis igitur terra omnium aliarum terrarum australissima, directe subiecta antarctico circulo, Tropicum Capricorni vltra ad Occidentem excurrens, in ipfo penè aequatore finitur, tenuique difcreta freto Nouam Guineam Orienti obijcit, paucis tãtum hactenus littoribus cognitam, quòd post vnam atque alteram nauigationem, curfus ille intermissus fit, & nisi coactis impulsifquc nautis ventorum turbine, rarius eò adnauigetur. Australis terra initium sumit duobus aut tribes gradibus fub aequatore, tantaeque a quibufdam magnitudinis esse perhibetur, vt fi quando integrè deteda erit, quintam illam mundi partem fore arbitrentur. Guinea a dextris adhrent Salomoniae insulae multae & quae nauigatione Aluari Mendanij nuper inclaruêre, &c. Cornelius Wytfliet, ''Descriptionis Ptolemaicae Augmentum,'' Louvain, 1597, p.&nbsp;20.</ref></blockquote>

[[Juan Fernández (explorer)|Juan Fernandez]], sailing from Chile in 1576, claimed he had discovered the Southern Continent.<ref>José Toribio Medina, ''El Piloto Juan Fernandez,'' Santiago de Chile, 1918, reprinted by Gabriela Mistral, 1974, pp.&nbsp;136, 246.</ref> The ''Polus Antarcticus'' map of 1641 by [[Hendrik Hondius II|Henricus Hondius]], bears the inscription: ''"Insulas esse a Nova Guinea usque ad Fretum Magellanicum affirmat Hernandus Galego, qui ad eas explorandas missus fuit a Rege Hispaniae Anno 1576'' (Hernando Gallego, who in the year 1576 was sent by the King of Spain to explore them, affirms that there are islands from New Guinea up to the Strait of Magellan)".{{efn |An on-line image of this map is at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-t732.{{bare URL inline |date=May 2025}}}}

====17th century====
[[Luís Vaz de Torres]], a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] navigator who commanded the ''San Pedro y San Pablo'', the ''San Pedrico'' and the tender or yacht, ''Los Tres Reyes Magos'' during the 1605–1606 expedition led by [[Pedro Fernandes de Queiros]] in quest of the Southern Continent, proved the existence of a passage south of New Guinea, now known as [[Torres Strait]]. Commenting on this in 1622, the Dutch cartographer and publisher of Queiros' eighth memorial, [[Hessel Gerritsz]], noted on his ''Map of the Pacific Ocean:'' "Those who sailed with the yacht of Pedro Fernando de Quiros in the neighbourhood of New Guinea to 10 degrees westward through many islands and shoals and over {{convert|23|and|24|fathom|m|disp=sqbr}} for as many as 40 days, estimated that Nova Guinea does not extend beyond 10 degrees to the south; if this be so, then the land from 9 to 14 degrees would be a separate land".<ref>Hessel Gerritsz (c. 1581–1632), ''Map of the Pacific Ocean,'' 1622, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, département des Cartes et Plans, SH, Arch. 30</ref>

[[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], another Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown, saw a large island south of New Guinea in 1606, which he named La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/spanish-quest-terra-australis |title=The Spanish quest for Terra Australis |date=13 November 2015 | publisher=State Library of New South Wales |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> He represented this to the King of [[Spain]] as the Terra Australis incognita. In his 10th Memorial (1610), Queirós said: "New Guinea is the top end of the Austral Land of which I treat [discuss], and that people, and customs, with all the rest referred to, resemble them".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/_transcript/2014/D23411/a6314001.pdf| title = Translation by Dolores Turró of Memorial No. 10}}</ref>

Dutch father and son Isaac and [[Jacob Le Maire]] established the Australische Compagnie (Australian Company) in 1615 to trade with ''Terra Australis'', which they called "Australia".<ref>''Spieghel der Australische Navigatie;'' cited by A. Lodewyckx, "The Name of Australia: Its Origin and Early Use", ''The Victorian Historical Magazine,'' Vol.&nbsp;XIII, No.&nbsp;3, June 1929, pp.&nbsp;100–191.</ref>

The [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia]] of 1643 intended to round Cape Horn sailing through Le Maire Strait but strong winds made it instead drift south and east.<ref name=Arana280>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|chapter-url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_67.html|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=es|chapter=Capítulo XI|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=280}}</ref> The small fleet led by [[Hendrik Brouwer]] managed to enter the Pacific ocean sailing south of the island disproving earlier beliefs that it was part of ''Terra Australis''.<ref name=Arana280/><ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Kris E. |title=Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 |url={{GBurl|id=bRgFqADzOLkC}} |year=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=0-7656-0256-3|page=88}}</ref><ref name=Kock>{{cite web|first=Robbert|last=Kock|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html|title=Dutch in Chile|publisher=Colonial Voyage.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The cartographic depictions of the southern continent in the 16th and early 17th centuries, as might be expected for a concept based on such abundant conjecture and minimal data, varied wildly from map to map; in general, the continent shrank as potential locations were reinterpreted.  At its largest, the continent included [[Tierra del Fuego]], separated from South America by a small strait; [[New Guinea]]; and what would come to be called [[Australia]].  In Ortelius's atlas ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'', published in 1570, ''Terra Australis'' extends north of the Tropic of Capricorn in the Pacific Ocean.

As long as it appeared on maps at all, the continent minimally included the unexplored lands around the [[South Pole]], but generally much larger than the real [[Antarctica]], spreading far north&nbsp;– especially in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. [[New Zealand]], first seen by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] explorer [[Abel Tasman]] in 1642, was regarded by some as a part of the continent.

A map with a ''Terra Australis'' stretching from New Guinea to the South Pole and beyond was included in the 1676 application by [[Vittorio Riccio]], an Italian missionary in [[Manila]], to be appointed [[Apostolic Prefecture|Prefect Apostolic]] of ''Terra Australis'' in order to initiate missionary activity there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/83697 |title=Terra Australis, Quinta Pars Orbis, 1676 (Map) |date= |website=Living Histories |publisher=University of Newcastle Australia|access-date=25 Dec 2023}}</ref> His appointment was approved in 1681 but he died in 1685.

====18th century====
[[Alexander Dalrymple]], the Examiner of Sea Journals for the British [[East India Company]],<ref>Howard T. Fry, ''Alexander Dalrymple (1737–1808) and the Expansion of British Trade,'' London, Cass for the Royal Commonwealth Society, 1970, pp.&nbsp;229–230.</ref> whilst translating some Spanish documents [[British occupation of Manila|captured in the Philippines in 1762]], found de Torres's testimony.  This discovery led Dalrymple to publish the ''Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean'' in 1770–1771. Dalrymple presented a beguiling tableau of the ''Terra Australis'', or Southern Continent:
<blockquote>The number of inhabitants in the Southern Continent is probably more than 50 millions, considering the extent, from the eastern part discovered by Juan Fernandez, to the western coast seen by Tasman, is about 100 deg. of longitude, which in the latitude of 40 deg. amounts to 4596 geographic, or 5323 stature miles [8567&nbsp;km]. This is a greater extent than the whole civilized part of Asia, from Turkey to the eastern extremity of China. There is at present no trade from Europe thither, though the scraps from this table would be sufficient to maintain the power, dominion, and sovereignty of Britain, by employing all its manufacturers and ships. Whoever considers the Peruvian empire, where arts and industry flourished under one of the wisest systems of government, which was founded by a stranger, must have very sanguine expectations of the southern continent, from whence it is more than probable Mango Capac, the first Inca, was derived, and must be convinced that the country, from whence Mango Capac introduced the comforts of civilized life, cannot fail of amply rewarding the fortunate people who shall bestow letters instead of quippos ([[quipus]]), and iron in place of more awkward substitutes.<ref>Alexander Dalrymple, [https://archive.org/details/b30411543/page/n37 ''An Historical Collection of the several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean,''] Vol.I, London, 1769 and 1770, pp.&nbsp;xxviii–xxix.</ref></blockquote>
Dalrymple's claim of the existence of an unknown continent aroused widespread interest and prompted the British government in 1769 to order [[James Cook]] in [[HM Bark Endeavour|HM Bark ''Endeavour'']] to seek out the Southern Continent to the South and West of [[Tahiti]], discovered in June 1767 by [[Samuel Wallis]] in {{HMS|Dolphin|1751|6}} and named by him King George Island.<ref>Andrew Cook, Introduction to ''An account of the discoveries made in the South Pacifick Ocean&nbsp;/ by Alexander Dalrymple'' ; first printed in 1767, reissued with a foreword by Kevin Fewster and an essay by Andrew Cook, Potts Point (NSW), Hordern House Rare Books for the Australian National Maritime Museum, 1996, pp.&nbsp;38–9.</ref> The London press reported in June 1768 that two ships would be sent to the newly discovered island and from there to "attempt the Discovery of the Southern Continent".<ref>''The St. James's Chronicle'', 11 June and ''The Public Advertiser,'' 13 June 1768.</ref> A subsequent press report stated: "We are informed, that the Island which Captain Wallis has discovered in the South-Sea, and named George's Land, is about fifteen hundred Leagues to the Westward and to Leeward of the Coast of Peru, and about five-and-thirty Leagues in circumference; that its principal and almost sole national Advantage is, its Situation for exploring the Terra Incognita of the Southern Hemisphere. The Endeavour, a North-Country Cat, is purchased by the Government, and commanded by a Lieutenant of the Navy; she is fitting out at Deptford for the South-Sea, thought to be intended for the newly-discovered Island".<ref>''The St. James's Chronicle'', 18 June, ''The Gazetteer,'' 20 June and ''The Westminster Journal,'' 25 June 1768.</ref> The aims of the expedition were revealed in days following: "To-morrow morning Mr. Banks, Dr. Solano [sic], with Mr. Green, the Astronomer, will set out for Deal, to embark on board the Endeavour, Capt. Cook, for the South Seas, under the direction of the Royal Society, to observe the Transit of Venus next summer, and to make discoveries to the South and West of Cape Horn".<ref>''Lloyd's Evening Post,'' 5 August, ''The St. James's Chronicle,'' 6 August, ''Courier du Bas-Rhin'' (Cleves), 1768.</ref> The London ''Gazetteer'' was more explicit when it reported on 18 August 1768: "The gentlemen, who are to sail in a few days for George's Land, the new discovered island in the Pacific ocean, with an intention to observe the Transit of Venus, are likewise, we are credibly informed, to attempt some new discoveries in that vast unknown tract, above the latitude 40".<ref>Also in ''Lloyd's Evening Post,'' 19 August and ''The New York Journal,'' 3 November 1768.</ref> The results of this [[first voyage of James Cook]] in respect of the quest for the Southern Continent were summed up by Cook himself. He wrote in his ''Journal'' on 31 March 1770 that the ''Endeavour''{{'s}} voyage "must be allowed to have set aside the most, if not all, the Arguments and proofs that have been advanced by different Authors to prove that there must be a Southern Continent; I mean to the Northward of 40 degrees South, for what may lie to the Southward of that Latitude I know not".<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/8106/8106-h/8106-h.htm#ch6 W.J.L. Wharton, ''Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World,'' London, 1893.] See also J. C. Beaglehole and R. A.  Skelton (eds.), ''The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery,'' Vol. 1, ''The Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768–1771,'' Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1955, p.&nbsp;290.</ref>

The [[second voyage of James Cook]] aboard {{HMS|Resolution|1771|6}} explored the South Pacific for the landmass between 1772 and 1775 whilst also testing [[Larcum Kendall]]'s K1 chronometer as a method for measuring longitude.<ref name="Wales">{{cite web|last=Wales|first=William|title=Log book of HMS 'Resolution'|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>