Editing Temporal power of the Holy See (section)

== 19th century ==
The secular revolutionary movements of the 1800s posed a serious threat to the pope's temporal power. Avignon was seized by revolutionaries during the [[French Revolution]] in 1791, ending 450 years of papal sovereignty there. Between 1798 and 1814, the revolutionary French government invaded Italy several times and annexed the Papal States (though the papacy was restored between 1800 and 1809). [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] abolished the pope's temporal power in 1809, incorporating Rome and [[Latium]] into his [[First French Empire]]. [[Pope Pius VII]] himself was even taken prisoner by Napoleon. However, the pope's temporal power was restored by the [[Great powers of Europe|Great powers]] at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]]. The civil laws of the [[Napoleonic Code]] were abolished, and most civil servants were removed from office. In the coming years, rising liberal and nationalist sentiment created popular opposition to the reconstituted clerical government. This led to numerous revolts, which were suppressed by the intervention of the Austrian army.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Papal States – The 15th century to the French Revolution |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Papal-States/The-15th-century-to-the-French-Revolution|access-date=2021-11-14|language=en}}</ref>

In November 1848, during [[Revolutions of 1848|the revolutions that swept Europe in that year]], the assassination of his minister [[Pellegrino Rossi]] led [[Pope Pius IX]] to flee Rome. During a political rally in February 1849, a young revolutionary, the Abbé Arduini, described the temporal power of the popes as a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality".<ref>Jasper Ridley, ''Garibaldi'', Viking Press (1976) p. 268</ref> 

On 9 February 1849, a revolutionary Roman Assembly proclaimed the [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic]]. Subsequently, the Constitution of the Roman Republic abolished papal temporal power, although the independence of the pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the {{lang|it|Principi fondamentali}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ossimoro.it/p41.htm|title=Costituzione Della Repubblica Romana, 1849|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927125446/http://www.ossimoro.it/p41.htm|archive-date=2013-09-27|access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref> Like the other revolutionary movements of 1848, the Republic was short-lived; Rome was eventually conquered by the [[French Second Republic]], which restored the papacy's temporal power in the region once again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic, 1848–1850 |url=https://watson.brown.edu/research/projects/roman_republic|access-date=2021-11-14|publisher=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs|language=en}}</ref>

In 1859&ndash;60, the Papal States were invaded by various republican forces seeking a unified Italian state, and lost the provinces of [[Romagna]], [[Marche]] and [[Umbria]]. These regions were incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] (which thereafter became the [[Kingdom of Italy]]), and the papacy's temporal power was reduced to Rome and the region of Lazio. At this point, some [[Ultramontanism|ultramontane]] groups proposed that the temporal power be elevated into a [[Roman Catholic dogma|dogma]]. According to Raffaele De Cesare:

{{Quote|The first idea of convening an [[First Vatican Council|Ecumenical Council]] in Rome to elevate the temporal power into a [[Roman Catholic dogma|dogma]], originated in the third centenary of the Council of Trent, which took place in that city in December, 1863, and was attended by a number of Austrian and Hungarian [[prelate]]s.{{Sfnp|De Cesare|1909|page=[https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/422 422]}}}}

However, following the [[Austro-Prussian War]], Austria was forced to recognize the newly-formed Kingdom of Italy. As a result, most clerics lost hope of a return of the former temporal power of the Bishop of Rome. Some, primarily Italian, clergy suggested an [[ecumenical council]] to dogmatically define [[papal infallibility]] as an article of faith, binding upon the consciences of all Catholic faithful. This doctrinal view, however, initially proposed by [[Franciscan]] partisans in opposition to the prerogative of popes to contradict the more favorable decrees of their predecessors, faced significant resistance outside of Italy prior to and during the [[First Vatican Council]].{{Sfnp|De Cesare|1909|page=[https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft/page/423 423]}}

For practical purposes, the temporal power of the popes ended on 20 September 1870, when the Italian Army breached the [[Aurelian Walls]] at [[Porta Pia]] and [[capture of Rome|entered Rome]]. This completed the [[Unification of Italy]] ({{lang|it|Risorgimento}}).