Editing Tarsier (section)

==Behavior==
[[Pygmy tarsier]]s differ from other species in terms of their morphology, communication, and behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grow |first1=Nanda |last2=Gursky-Doyen |first2=Sharon |year=2010 |title=Preliminary Data On The Behavior, Ecology, And Morphology Of Pygmy Tarsiers ( Tarsius Pumilus) |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1174–1191 |doi=10.1007/s10764-010-9456-9 |s2cid=23939646}}</ref> The differences in morphology that distinguish pygmy tarsiers from other species are likely based on their high altitude environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Musser |first1=G. G. |last2=Dagosto |first2=M. |year=1987 |title=The identity of Tarsius pumilus, a pygmy species endemic to the montane mossy forests of Central Sulawesi |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=2867 |pages=1–53}}</ref>

All tarsier species are [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] in their habits, but like many nocturnal organisms, some individuals may show more or less activity during the daytime. Based on the anatomy of all tarsiers, they are all adapted for leaping even though they all vary based on their species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dagosto |first1=M. |last2=Gebo |first2=D. L. |last3=Dolino |first3=C. |year=2001 |title=Positional behavior and social organization of the Philippine tarsier (''Tarsius syrichta'') |journal=Primates |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=233–243 |doi=10.1007/bf02629639 |s2cid=41499839}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niemitz |first1=C |year=1977 |title=Zur funktionsmorphologie und biometrie der gattung Tarsius, Storr, 1780 |journal=Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg |volume=25 |pages=1–161}}</ref><ref>Niemitz, C. (1979). Relationships among anatomy, ecology, and behavior: A model developed in the genus Tarsius, with thoughts about phylogenetic mechanisms and adaptive interactions. In S. 1190 N. Grow, S. Gursky-DoyenMorbeck, H. Preuschoft, & N. Gomberg (Eds.), Environment, behavior, and morphology: Dynamic interactions (pp. 119–138). New York: Gustav Fischer.</ref><ref>Niemitz, C. (1984). An investigation and review of the territorial behaviour and social organization of the genus Tarsius. In C. Niemitz (Ed.), Biology of tarsiers (pp. 117–128). New York: Gustav Fischer</ref>

Ecological variation is responsible for differences in morphology and behavior in tarsiers because different species become adapted to local conditions based on the level of altitude.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Körner |first1=C |year=2007 |title=The use of 'altitude' in ecological research |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=569–574 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006 |pmid=17988759|bibcode=2007TEcoE..22..569K }}</ref> For example, the colder climate at higher elevations can influence cranial morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rae |first1=T. C. |last2=Hill |first2=R. I. |last3=Hamada |first3=Y. |last4=Koppe |first4=T. |year=2003 |title=Clinal variation of maxillary sinus volume in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.1002/ajp.10072 |pmid=12682923 |s2cid=12290499}}</ref>

Tarsiers tend to be extremely shy animals and are sensitive to bright lights, loud noises, and physical contact. They have been reported to behave suicidally when stressed or kept in captivity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jarosz |first=Andy |date=20 May 2019 |title=The Philippines: The Tarsier Man |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2019/05/philippines-tarsier-man |url-status=dead |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521012214/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2019/05/philippines-tarsier-man |archive-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinclair |first=Joe |date=12 December 2011 |title=Tourism threatens tiny Philippine primate |work=My SinChew |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |url=http://mysinchew.sinchew.com.my/node/67669 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928114156/http://mysinchew.sinchew.com.my/node/67669 |archive-date=28 September 2019}}</ref>

===Predators===
Due to their small size, tarsiers are prey to various other animals. Tarsiers primarily inhabit the lower vegetation layers as they face threats from both terrestrial predators such as cats, lizards, and snakes, and aerial predators such as owls and birds. By residing in these lower layers, they can minimize their chances of being preyed upon by staying off the ground and yet still low enough to avoid birds of prey.

Tarsiers, though known as being shy and reclusive, are known to mob predators. In nature, [[Mobbing_(animal_behavior)|mobbing]] is the act of harassing predators to reduce the chance of being attacked. When predators are near, tarsiers will make a warning vocalization. Other tarsiers will respond to the call, and within a short period of time, 2-10 tarsiers will show up to mob the predator. The majority of the group consists of adult males, but there will occasionally be a female or two. While tarsier groups only contain one adult male, males from other territories will join in the mob event, meaning there are multiple alpha male tarsiers attacking the predator.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Řeháková-Petrů |first1=M. |last2=Peške |first2=L. |date=2012 |title=Predation on a wild Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) |journal=Acta Ethologica |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1007/s10211-011-0096-7 |s2cid=254163428}}</ref><ref name="RefA" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gursky |first=Sharon |date=February 2005 |title="Predator Mobbing in Tarsius Spectrum" |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-0731-0 |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=207–221 |doi=10.1007/s10764-005-0731-0 |s2cid=21188050 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>

===Diet===
Tarsiers are the only entirely [[Carnivore#Obligate carnivores|carnivorous]] [[Extant taxon|extant]] primates, albeit mainly [[insectivore|insectivorous]], catching invertebrates by jumping at them. The tarsiers also opportunistically prey on a variety of arboreal and small forest animals, including [[orthopterans]], [[scarab beetle]]s, small [[flying frogs]], [[lizards]] and, occasionally, amphibious [[crab]]s that climb into the lower sections of trees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crompton |first1=Robin Huw |last2=Blanchard |first2=Mary L. |last3=Coward |first3=Sam |last4=Alexander |first4=R. McNeill |last5=Thorpe |first5=Susannah K. |date=1 December 2010 |title=Vertical Clinging and Leaping Revisited: Locomotion and Habitat Use in the Western Tarsier, Tarsius bancanus Explored Via Loglinear Modeling |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9420-8 |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=958–979 |doi=10.1007/s10764-010-9420-8 |s2cid=45884124 |issn=1573-8604}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crompton |first1=Robin Huw |last2=Savage |first2=Russell |last3=Spears |first3=Iain R. |date=14 February 1998 |title=The Mechanics of Food Reduction in Tarsius bancanus |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijfp/69/7/article-p41_6.xml |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=41–59 |doi=10.1159/000052698 |pmid=9595687 |s2cid=24464173 |issn=1421-9980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Syahrullah |first1=Fakhri Naufal |last2=Maddus |first2=Un |last3=Mustari |first3=Abdul Haris |last4=Gursky |first4=Sharon |last5=Indrawan |first5=Mochamad |date=15 July 2023 |title=Distribution and abundance of Peleng Tarsier (Tarsius pelengensis) in Banggai Island group, Indonesia |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=11445 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-30049-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=10349819 |pmid=37454197|bibcode=2023NatSR..1311445S }}</ref> However, it has been found that their favorite prey are [[arthropods]], [[beetles]], [[arachnids]], [[cockroaches]], [[grasshoppers]], [[katydid]]s, [[cicadas]], and [[Phasmatodea|walking sticks]].<ref name="RefA" /> Tarsiers are, rarely, also known to prey on baby birds, small tree snakes and even baby bats.<ref name="EoM" />

===Reproduction===
[[Gestation]] takes about six months,<ref name="Izard et al., 1985">{{cite journal |last=Izard |first=Kay M. |author2=Wright, Simons |year=1985 |title=Gestation length in Tarsius bancanus |journal=Am J Primatol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–331 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350090408 |pmid=31979510 |s2cid=83711759 }}</ref> and tarsiers give birth to single offspring. Young tarsiers are born furred, and with open eyes, and are able to climb within a day of birth. They reach sexual maturity by the end of their second year. Sociality and mating system varies, with tarsiers from Sulawesi living in small family groups, while Philippine and western tarsiers are reported to sleep and forage alone.