Editing Tanzania (section)

===Colonial===
{{Main|German East Africa|Tanganyika Territory}}
[[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|A 1572 depiction of the city of [[Kilwa]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]

Claiming the coastal strip, [[Omani]] Sultan [[Said bin Sultan]] moved his capital to [[Zanzibar City]] in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the [[east African slave trade]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Between 65 and 90 per cent of the [[Swahili people|Swahili]] population of [[Zanzibar]] was enslaved.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies |title=Slave societies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=November 2024|reason= By whom}} One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was [[Tippu Tip]], who was the grandson of an enslaved African. The [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]] slave traders operated under the leadership of [[Msiri]] and [[Mirambo]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> According to [[Timothy Insoll]], "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."<ref>{{cite book |first=Junius P. |last=Rodriguez |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration |date=1997 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}</ref> In the 1890s, slavery was abolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history |title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History |date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Wilhelm Kuhnert Schlacht bei Mahenge 2.jpg|thumb|Battle during the [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] against [[German East Africa|German]] colonial rule in 1905]]

In 1863, the [[Holy Ghost Mission]] established an early reception center and depot at Zanzibar. In 1877, responding to appeals of [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] following his [[Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition|trans-Africa expedition]], and permission being given to Stanley by [[Muteesa I of Buganda|King Mutessa I of Buganda]], the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] sent missionaries [[Edward John Baxter|Edward Baxter]] and Henry Cole to establish inland missions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Middleton |first1=Dorothy |title=Henry Morton Stanley |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Hildergard Binder |title=The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/213158 |journal=Geographical Review |year=1967 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=168–202 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd |access-date=29 December 2022 |doi=10.2307/213158|jstor=213158 |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..168J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans In East Africa - View entry |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=174 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk}}</ref> In 1885, Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into [[German East Africa]] (GEA).<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902–1912|publisher=West Virginia University Libraries|first=Makhete|last=Fall|year=2016 |doi=10.33915/etd.5569|doi-access=free}}</ref> 

The [[Maji Maji Rebellion]], between 1905 and 1907, was an uprising of several African tribes in [[German East Africa]] against the colonial authorities, in particular because of forced labour and deportation of certain tribes. It was the subject of a bloody repression, which combined with famine caused 300,000 deaths among the population, out of a Tanganyikan population of about four million.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Iliffe |first=John |author-link=John Iliffe (historian) |date=1967 |title=The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=8 |pages=495–512 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007982 |jstor=179833 |doi-access=free |number=3}}</ref>

The Supreme Council of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]] awarded all of GEA to Britain on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|240}} The British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|colonial secretary]], [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Alfred Milner]], and Belgium's minister [[plenipotentiary]] to the conference, {{ill|Pierre Orts|fr}}, then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919<ref name="Belgium" />{{rp|618–9}} where Britain ceded the north-western GEA provinces of [[Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda and Urundi]] to Belgium.<ref name="Ends">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |author=William Roger Louis |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |access-date=19 September 2017 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6}}</ref>{{rp|246}} The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|246–7}} The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919.<ref name="Belgium">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>{{rp|612–3}} On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small [[Kionga Triangle]] south of the [[Rovuma River]] would be given to [[Portuguese Mozambique]],<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|243}} with it eventually becoming part of independent Mozambique. The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|243}} The [[Treaty of Versailles]] was signed on 28 June 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on that date, "Tanganyika" became the name of the British territory. In the mid-1920s, the British implemented a system of [[indirect rule]] in Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebenow|first=J. Gus|date=1956|title=Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400067496/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=447–448|doi=10.2307/1951678|jstor=1951678 |s2cid=144390538 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]]<ref name="Heale">{{cite book |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |first2=Winnie |last2=Wong |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> and were among the 375,000 Africans who fought with those forces.<ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Tanganyikans fought in units of the [[King's African Rifles]] during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] in Somalia and [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] against the Italians, in Madagascar against the [[Vichy French]] during the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]], and in Burma against the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] during the [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]].<ref name="MGT"/> Tanganyika was an important source of food during this war, and its export income increased greatly compared to the pre-war years of the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="Heale"/> Wartime demand, however, caused increased commodity prices and massive inflation within the colony.<ref>[http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 |date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1954, [[Julius Nyerere]] transformed an organisation into the politically oriented [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve national [[sovereignty]] for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year, TANU had become the leading political organisation in the country. Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as prime minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref>