Editing Tajikistan (section)

=== Imperial Russia ===
{{Main|Russian conquest of Turkestan}}
{{Further|Russian Turkestan|The Great Game}}

During the 19th century, for the second time in world history, a European power (the [[Russian Empire]]) began to conquer parts of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Central Asia – Under Russian rule|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507015604/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian [[Imperialism]] led to the [[Russian Empire]]'s conquest of [[Central Asia]] during the 19th century's [[Great Game|Imperial Era]]. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of [[Russian Turkestan]], the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] and [[Khanate of Kokand]]. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of [[cotton]] and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitman |first1=John |title=Turkestan Cotton in Imperial Russia |journal=American Slavic and East European Review |date=1956 |volume=15 |issue=2 |publisher=Association for Slavic and Eurasian Studies |location=Cambridge University |pages=190–205 |doi=10.2307/3000976 |jstor=3000976 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976 |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153542/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976 |url-status=live  |issn=1049-7544}}</ref>

During the 19th century, the [[Jadid]]ists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. While the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat because the Russian Empire was predominantly Christian.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Adeeb |title=Jadidism in Central Asia: Origins, Development, and Fate Under the Soviets |url=https://mesbar.org/jadidism-in-central-asia-origins-development-and-fate-under-the-soviets/ |website=Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre |date=10 April 2018 |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301165850/https://mesbar.org/jadidism-in-central-asia-origins-development-and-fate-under-the-soviets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in [[Khujand]] over the threat of forced [[conscription]] during [[World War I]]. While Russian troops brought Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajikistan – The Russian Conquest |url=http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/4.htm |website=Country Studies |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026092613/http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>