Editing Taiko (section)

==={{transliteration|ja|Kumi-daiko}}===
{{See also|Daihachi Oguchi|Ondekoza|Kodo (taiko group)}}
[[File:TaikoDrummersAichiJapan.jpg|thumb|left|A {{transliteration|ja|kumi-daiko}} group performing in [[Aichi, Japan]] wearing {{transliteration|ja|[[hachimaki]]}}|alt=refer to caption]]
In addition to the instruments, the term {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} also refers to the performance itself,{{sfn|Konagaya|2005|p=134}}{{sfn|Ingram|2004|p=71}} and commonly to one style called {{transliteration|ja|kumi-daiko}}, or ensemble-style playing (as opposed to festival performances, rituals, or theatrical use of the drums).{{sfn|Miller|Shahriari|2014|p=146}}{{sfn|Powell 2012a}} {{transliteration|ja|Kumi-daiko}} was developed by [[Daihachi Oguchi]] in 1951.{{sfn|Miller|Shahriari|2014|p=146}}{{sfn|Varian|2005|p=33}} He is considered a master performer and helped transform {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} performance from its roots in traditional settings in festivals and shrines.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|title=Daihachi Oguchi, 84, Japanese Drummer, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/28/arts/music/28oguchi.html?_r=0|access-date=21 August 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 June 2008|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403195338/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/28/arts/music/28oguchi.html?_r=0|archive-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Oguchi was trained as a jazz musician in [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], and at one point, a relative gave him an old piece of written {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} music.{{sfn|Alves|2012|p=312}} Unable to read the traditional and esoteric notation,{{sfn|Alves|2012|p=312}} Oguchi found help to transcribe the piece, and on his own added rhythms and transformed the work to accommodate multiple taiko players on different-sized instruments.{{sfn|Varian|2005|p=28}} Each instrument served a specific purpose that established present-day conventions in {{transliteration|ja|kumi-daiko}} performance.{{sfn|Varian|2005|p=29}}{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=51}}

Oguchi's ensemble, [[Osuwa Daiko]], incorporated these alterations and other drums into their performances. They also devised novel pieces that were intended for non-religious performances.{{sfn|Alves|2012|p=312}} Several other groups emerged in Japan through the 1950s and 1960s. [[Oedo Sukeroku Daiko]] was formed in [[Tokyo]] in 1959 under [[Seidō Kobayashi]],{{sfn|Powell 2012b|p=125}} and has been referred to as the first {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} group who toured professionally.{{sfn|Wong|2004|p=204}} Globally, {{transliteration|ja|kumi-daiko}} performance became more visible during the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo, when it was featured during the Festival of Arts event.{{sfn|Varian|2005|pp=28–29}}

{{transliteration|ja|Kumi-daiko}} was also developed through the leadership of {{nihongo|[[Den Tagayasu]]|田耕}}, who gathered young men who were willing to devote their entire lifestyle to {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} playing and took them to [[Sado Island]] for training{{sfn|Varian|2005|p = 29}}{{sfn|Wald|Vartoogian|2007|p=251}} where Den and his family had settled in 1968.{{sfn|Konagaya|2005|p=65}} Den chose the island based on a desire to reinvigorate the folk arts in Japan, particularly {{transliteration|ja|taiko}}; he became inspired by a drumming tradition unique to Sado called {{nihongo3|"demon drumming" in the Sado dialect|鬼太鼓|ondeko}} that required considerable strength to play well.{{sfn|Konagaya|2005|pp=64–65}} Den called the group "Za Ondekoza" or [[Ondekoza]] for short, and implemented a rigorous set of exercises for its members including long-distance running.{{sfn|Varian|2005|p=28}}{{sfn|Wald|Vartoogian|2007|p=251}} In 1975, Ondekoza was the first {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} group to tour in the United States. Their first performance occurred just after the group finished running the [[Boston Marathon]] while wearing their traditional uniforms.{{sfn|Konagaya|2005|p=149}}{{sfn|McLeod|2013|p=171}} In 1981, some members of Ondekoza split from Den and formed another group called [[Kodo (taiko group)|Kodo]] under the leadership of [[Eitetsu Hayashi]].{{sfn|Hoover|2011|p=98}} Kodo continued to use Sado Island for rigorous training and communal living, and went on to popularize {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} through frequent touring and collaborations with other musical performers.{{sfn|Lacashire|2011|p=14}} Kodo is one of the most recognized {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} groups both in Japan<ref name=Arita>{{cite news|last1=Arita|first1=Eriko|title=Kodo drum troupe marks 25 years of Earth Celebration|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/17/events/events-outside-tokyo/kodo-drum-troupe-marks-25-years-of-earth-celebration/#.VIjBF3sZfCs|access-date=10 December 2014|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=17 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730003142/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/17/events/events-outside-tokyo/kodo-drum-troupe-marks-25-years-of-earth-celebration/#.VIjBF3sZfCs|archive-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Matsumoto>{{cite news|last1=Matsumoto|first1=John|title=Gospel and Drums According to Kodo : Music: Southland choir members will blend their talents with rhythms of Japanese ensemble in non-traditional concert on Sado Island in Japan.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-17-ca-670-story.html|access-date=10 December 2014|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=17 August 1990|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141211010343/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-17/entertainment/ca-670_1_gospel-music|archive-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> and worldwide.{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=72}}<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite news|last1=Barr|first1=Gordon|title=Japanese taiko drumming troupe Kodo head to Sage Gateshead|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/japanese-taiko-drumming-troupe-kodo-6725157|access-date=10 December 2014|work=Chronicle Live|publisher=Trinity Mirror North East|date=19 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210235027/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/japanese-taiko-drumming-troupe-kodo-6725157|archive-date=10 December 2014}}|
{{cite news|last1=Keogh|first1=Tom|title=Top taiko drum group, Kodo, rolls into town|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/musicnightlife/2008686763_zmus30kodo.html|access-date=10 December 2014|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220161503/http://seattletimes.com/html/musicnightlife/2008686763_zmus30kodo.html|archive-date=20 December 2014}}|
{{cite news|title=Soh Daiko, the Fine Art of Japanese Drumming|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/02/arts/soh-daiko-the-fine-art-of-japanese-drumming.html|access-date=11 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 May 1986|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111212228/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/02/arts/soh-daiko-the-fine-art-of-japanese-drumming.html|archive-date=11 November 2014}}}}</ref>

Estimates of the number of {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} groups in Japan vary to up to 5,000 active groups in Japan,{{sfn|Varian|2005|p=17}} but more conservative assessments place the number closer to 800 based on membership in the Nippon Taiko Foundation, the largest national organization of {{transliteration|ja|taiko}} groups.{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=3}} Some pieces that have emerged from early {{transliteration|ja|kumi-daiko}} groups that continue to be performed include [[Yatai-bayashi]] from Ondekoza,{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=74}} {{nihongo|Isami-goma|勇み駒||lit. "galloping horse"}} from Osuwa Daiko,{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=87}} and {{nihongo|Zoku|族||lit. "tribe"}} from Kodo.{{sfn|Bender|2012|p=102}}