Editing Syncopation (section)

==Transformation==
[[Richard Middleton (musicologist)|Richard Middleton]]<ref name="Middleton">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Middleton|orig-year=1990|year=2002|title=Studying Popular Music|pages=212–213|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Open University Press|isbn=0-335-15275-9}}.</ref> suggests adding the concept of [[Transformation (music)|transformation]] to Narmour's<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond Schenkerism: the Need for Alternatives in Music Analysis|author=Narmour, E.|year=1980|pages=147–153}} Cited in {{harvnb|Middleton|2002|pp=212–213}}</ref> prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions in order to explain or generate syncopations. "The syncopated pattern is heard 'with reference to', 'in light of', as a remapping of, its partner." He gives examples of various types of syncopation: Latin, [[backbeat]], and before-the-beat. First however, one may listen to the audio example of stress on the "strong" beats, where expected: {{audio|Unsyncopated example.mid|Play}}

===Latin equivalent of simple {{music|time|4|4}}===
In the example below, for the first two measures an unsyncopated rhythm is shown in the first measure. The third measure has a syncopated rhythm in which the first and fourth beat are provided as expected, but the accent occurs unexpectedly in between the second and third beats, creating a familiar "Latin rhythm" known as [[tresillo (rhythm)|tresillo]].

{{Block indent|<score sound="1"> \new RhythmicStaff {
   \clef percussion
   \time 4/4
   \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 100
   c8-> c c-> c c-> c c-> c c1-> \bar "||"
   c8-> c c c-> c c c-> c c1-> \bar "||"
}
</score>}}

===Backbeat transformation of simple {{music|time|4|4}}===
The accent may be shifted from the first to the second beat in [[duple meter]] (and the third to fourth in quadruple), creating the [[BackBeat|backbeat]] rhythm:

{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
\new RhythmicStaff {
   \clef percussion
   \time 4/4
   \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 100
   c4-> c c-> c c-> c c-> c c1-> \bar "||"
   c4 c-> c c-> c c-> c c-> c1 \bar "||"
}
</score>}}

Different crowds will "clap along" at concerts either on 1 and 3 or on 2 and 4, as above.

==="Satisfaction" example===
The phrasing of the [[Rolling Stones]]' song "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction|Satisfaction]]" is a good example of syncopation.<ref name="Dummies"/> It is derived here from its theoretic unsyncopated form, a repeated [[trochee]] (¯&nbsp;˘&nbsp;¯&nbsp;˘). A backbeat transformation is applied to "I" and "can't", and then a before-the-beat transformation is applied to "can't" and "no".<ref name="Middleton"/>

                   1  &  2  &  3  &  4  &  1  &  2  &  3  &  4  &
 Repeated trochee: ¯           ˘           ¯           ˘
                   I           can't       get         no –  o
 Backbeat trans.:        ¯           ˘     ¯           ˘
                         '''I'''           '''can't''' get         no –  o
 Before-the-beat:        ¯        ˘        ¯        ˘
                         I        '''can't'''    get      '''no''' –  o
{{audio|Satisfaction transformations.mid|Play}}

This demonstrates how each syncopated pattern may be heard as a remapping, "with reference to" or "in light of", an unsyncopated pattern.<ref name="Middleton"/>