Editing Sweet potato (section)

===Dispersal history===
{{further|Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia}}
[[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 20, page 014 - 度奴久和宇藷 - Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. - 赤藷, 白藷 - idem., 1804.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seikei Zusetsu]] (~1800)]]

Before the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, sweet potato was grown in [[Polynesia]], generally spread by vine cuttings rather than by seeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Batatas, Not Potatoes |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519142258/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html |archive-date=19 May 2008 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=Botgard.ucla.edu}}</ref> Sweet potato has been [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon-dated]] in the [[Cook Islands]] to 1210–1400 CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilmshurst |first1=Janet M. |last2=Hunt |first2=Terry L. |last3=Lipo |first3=Carl P. |last4=Anderson |first4=Atholl J. |author4-link=Atholl Anderson |date=27 December 2010 |title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia |url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1815–1820 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.1815W |doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3033267 |pmid=21187404 |quote=For example, the earliest presence of sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') in Mangaia, Cook Islands, dated to A.D. 1210–1400 and was regarded as a late occurrence |doi-access=free}}</ref> A common hypothesis is that a vine cutting was [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories#Claims involving sweet potato|brought]] to central Polynesia by [[Polynesians]] who had traveled to South America and back, and spread from there across Polynesia to Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book |last=van Tilburg |first=Jo Anne |title=Easter Island: Archaeology, ecology, and culture |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1994 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bassett, Gordon |display-authors=etal |title=Gardening at the Edge: Documenting the limits of tropical Polynesian kumara horticulture in southern New Zealand |url=http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015520/http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |publisher=University of Canterbury |location=New Zealand}}</ref> Genetic similarities have been found between Polynesian peoples and indigenous Americans including the [[Zenú]], a people inhabiting the Pacific coast of present-day [[Colombia]], indicating that Polynesians could have visited South America and taken sweet potatoes prior to European contact.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lizzie Wade |date=8 July 2020 |title=Polynesians steering by the stars met Native Americans long before Europeans arrived |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.abd7159 |s2cid=225642378 |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717034835/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived |url-status=live }}</ref> Dutch linguists and specialists in [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian languages]] [[Willem Adelaar]] and Pieter Muysken have suggested that the word for sweet potato is shared by Polynesian languages and languages of South America: [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] *{{lang|mis|kumala}}<ref name="POLLEX-kumala">{{cite web |last1=Greenhill |first1=Simon J. |last2=Clark |first2=Ross |last3=Biggs |first3=Bruce |year=2010 |title=Entries for KUMALA.1 [LO] Sweet Potato (''Ipomoea'') |url=http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208114223/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=16 July 2013 |work=POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online}}</ref> (compare [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] {{lang|rap|kumara}}, [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] {{lang|haw|{{okina}}uala}},<!--this is correct. an [m] was not dropped.--> [[Māori language|Māori]] {{lang|mi|kūmara}}) may be connected with [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]] {{lang|qu|k'umar}} ~ {{lang|ay|k'umara}}. Adelaar and Muysken assert that the similarity in the word for sweet potato is proof of either incidental contact or sporadic contact between the Central [[Andes]] and Polynesia.<ref name="Adelaar2004">{{cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=Willem F. H. |title=The Languages of the Andes |last2=Muysekn |first2=Pieter C. |date=10 June 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45112-3 |page=41 |chapter=Genetic relations of South American Indian languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA41}}</ref>

Some researchers, citing divergence time estimates, suggest that sweet potatoes might have been present in Polynesia thousands of years before humans arrived there.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2018 |title=Sweet potato history casts doubt on early contact between Polynesia and the Americas |publisher=EurekaAlert! Cell Press |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php |access-date=23 September 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123941/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Muñoz-RodríguezCarruthers2018">{{cite journal |last1=Muñoz-Rodríguez |first1=Pablo |last2=Carruthers |first2=Tom |last3=Wood |first3=John R.I. |last4=Williams |first4=Bethany R.M. |last5=Weitemier |first5=Kevin |last6=Kronmiller |first6=Brent |last7=Ellis |first7=David |last8=Anglin |first8=Noelle L. |last9=Longway |first9=Lucas |last10=Harris |first10=Stephen A. |last11=Rausher |first11=Mark D. |last12=Kelly |first12=Steven |last13=Liston |first13=Aaron |last14=Scotland |first14=Robert W. |year=2018 |title=Reconciling conflicting phylogenies in the origin of sweet potato and dispersal to Polynesia |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1246–1256.e12 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=29657119 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018CBio...28E1246M }}</ref> However, the present scholarly consensus favours the pre-Columbian contact model.<ref name="plos">{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Ian |last2=Higham |first2=Thomas F. G. |date=14 April 2021 |title=Archaeological science meets Māori knowledge to model pre-Columbian sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') dispersal to Polynesia's southernmost habitable margins |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=e0247643 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1647643B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0247643 |pmc=8046222 |pmid=33852587 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Matisoo-Smith |first1=Lisa |date=13 April 2018 |title=When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz |publisher=Science Media Centre |quote=We would like to see more robust data, ideally from multiple sources, presented before we can accept the data and reconsider the current interpretation that the sweet potato was brought to Polynesia by humans at some point around 1000–1200 AD. |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329223537/https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The sweet potato arrived in Europe with the [[Columbian exchange]]. It is recorded, for example, in ''[[Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book]]'', compiled in England in 1604.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fettiplace |first1=Elinor |title=Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking |date=1986 |publisher=Viking |editor1-last=Spurling |editor1-first=Hilary |editor1-link=Hilary Spurling |orig-year=1604}}</ref><ref name="CDW149">Dickson Wright, 2011. Pages 149–169</ref>

Sweet potatoes were first introduced to the [[Philippines]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish colonial period]] (1521–1898) via the [[Manila galleons]], along with other [[New World crops]].<ref name="gad">{{cite book |last1=Loebenstein |first1=Gad |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226217377 |title=The Sweetpotato |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=9781402094743 |editor1-last=Loebenstein |editor1-first=Gad |chapter=Origin, Distribution and Economic Importance |editor2-last=Thottappilly |editor2-first=George |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172320/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226217377_Origin_Distribution_and_Economic_Importance |url-status=live }}</ref> It was introduced to the [[Fujian]] of China in about 1594 from [[Luzon]], in response to a major crop failure. The growing of sweet potatoes was encouraged by the Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng).<ref>{{cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167 |title=Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1993 |isbn=978-0393309942 |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |page=167 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172323/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sweet potatoes were also introduced to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], present-day [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Japan, in the early 1600s by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref name="Japan&Dutch">{{cite book |author=Goodman, Grant K. |title=Japan and the Dutch 1600–1853 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781315028064 |location=London |pages=66–67 |doi=10.4324/9781315028064}}</ref><ref name="FirstGlobalization">{{cite journal |author=Gunn, Geoffrey C. |year=2003 |title=First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500-1800 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=932–933 |doi=10.2307/20477565 |jstor=20477565}}</ref><ref name="ObrienSweetPotato">{{cite journal |author=Obrien, Patricia J. |year=1972 |title=The sweet potato: Its origin and dispersal |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=342–365 |doi=10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sweet potatoes became a staple in Japan because they were important in preventing famine when rice harvests were poor.<ref name="ObrienSweetPotato" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Itoh, Makiko |date=22 April 2017 |title=The storied history of the potato in Japanese cooking |newspaper=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727024534/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aoki Konyō]] helped popularize the cultivation of the sweet potato in Japan, and the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa bakufu]] sponsored, published, and disseminated a vernacular Japanese translation of his research monograph on sweet potatoes to encourage their growth more broadly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ro |first=Sang-ho |title=Neo-Confucianism and Science in Korea: Humanity and Nature, 1706–1814 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-367-44100-5 |location=Oxon |pages=58 |language=English}}</ref> Sweet potatoes were planted in Shōgun [[Tokugawa Yoshimune]]'s private garden.<ref>{{cite book |author=Takekoshi, Yosaburō |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352 |title=Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1930 |isbn=9780415323802 |page=352 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It was first introduced to [[Korea]] in 1764.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kim, Jinwung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255 |title=A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to states in conflict |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0253000781 |page=255 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172259/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Kang P'il-ri and Yi Kwang-ryŏ embarked on a project to grow sweet potatoes in [[Seoul]] in 1766, using the knowledge of Japanese cultivators they learned in [[Dongnae District|Tongnae]] starting in 1764. The project succeeded for a year but ultimately failed in winter 1767 after Kang's unexpected death.<ref>Ro (2021), 59.</ref>