Editing Surgery (section)

=== Setting ===
[[Inpatient]] surgery is performed in a hospital, and the person undergoing surgery stays at least one night in the hospital after the surgery. [[Outpatient surgery]] occurs in a hospital outpatient department or freestanding ambulatory surgery center, and the person who had surgery is discharged the same working day.<ref name=LemosIAAS2006>{{cite book | veditors = Lemos P, Jarrett P, Philip B | title = Day surgery: development and practice | publisher = International Association for Ambulatory Surgery | location = London | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-989-20-0234-7 | url = http://www.iaas-med.com/files/historical/DaySurgery.pdf | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-date = 29 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201129170007/https://www.iaas-med.com/files/historical/DaySurgery.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Office-based surgery occurs in a physician's office, and the person is discharged the same day.<ref name=Twersky2008>{{cite book | veditors = Twersky RS, Philip BK| title = Handbook of ambulatory anesthesia|edition=2nd| publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-387-73328-9|page=284|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJT_yygipvYC&pg=PA284}}</ref>

At a [[hospital]], modern surgery is often performed in an [[operating theater]] using [[surgical instrument]]s, an [[operating table]], and other equipment. Among United States hospitalizations for non-maternal and non-neonatal conditions in 2012, more than one-fourth of stays and half of hospital costs involved stays that included operating room (OR) procedures.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA | title = Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 | work = HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = December 2014 | url = https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150503163129/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp | archive-date = 3 May 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The environment and procedures used in surgery are governed by the principles of [[aseptic technique]]: the strict separation of "sterile" (free of microorganisms) things from "unsterile" or "contaminated" things.  All surgical instruments must be [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilized]], and an instrument must be replaced or re-sterilized if it becomes contaminated (i.e. handled in an unsterile manner, or allowed to touch an unsterile surface). Operating room staff must wear sterile attire ([[Scrubs (clothing)|scrubs]], a scrub cap, a sterile surgical gown, sterile latex or non-latex polymer gloves and a surgical mask), and they must scrub hands and arms with an approved disinfectant agent before each procedure.