Editing Supply chain management (section)

== Supply chain resilience ==
An important element of SCM is [[supply chain resilience]], defined as "the capacity of a supply chain to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change".<ref name="wieldura">{{Cite journal|last1=Wieland|first1=Andreas|last2=Durach|first2=Christian F.|date=2021|title=Two perspectives on supply chain resilience|journal=Journal of Business Logistics|volume=42|issue=3|pages=315–322|doi=10.1111/jbl.12271|s2cid=233812114|issn=2158-1592|doi-access=free}}</ref> For a long time, the interpretation of resilience in the sense of [[engineering resilience]] (= robustness<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Durach|first1=Christian F.|last2=Wieland|first2=Andreas|last3=Machuca|first3=Jose A. D.|date=2015|title=Antecedents and dimensions of supply chain robustness: a systematic literature review|journal=International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management|volume=45|pages=118–137|language=en|doi=10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0133|issn=0960-0035|hdl=10398/9123|s2cid=9820553 |url=https://research.cbs.dk/en/publications/d140c008-3b7b-4f51-a59c-14eb262eb441|hdl-access=free}}</ref>) prevailed in supply chain management, leading to the notion of ''persistence''.<ref name="wieldura" /> A popular implementation of this idea is given by measuring the ''time-to-survive'' and the ''time-to-recover'' of the supply chain, allowing to identify weak points in the system.<ref>Simchi‐Levi, D., Wang, H., & Wei, Y. (2018). Increasing supply chain robustness through process flexibility and inventory. Production and Operations Management, 27(8), 1476-1491.</ref> The APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP) program emphasizes the importance of managing risks and enhancing resilience. According to APICS, in order to manage global interruptions and preserve operational continuity, a robust supply chain is vital.<ref name=":2" />

More recently, the interpretations of resilience in the sense of [[ecological resilience]] and [[social–ecological resilience]] have led to the notions of ''adaptation'' and ''transformation'', respectively.<ref name="wieldura" /> A supply chain is thus interpreted as a [[social-ecological system]] that – similar to an ecosystem (e.g. forest) – is able to constantly adapt to external environmental conditions and – through the presence of social actors and their ability to foresight – also to transform itself into a fundamentally new system.<ref name="wiel2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Wieland|first1=Andreas|date=2021|title=Two perspectives on supply chain resilience|journal=Journal of Supply Chain Management|volume=57|issue=1|pages=58–73 |doi=10.1111/jscm.12248|issn=1745-493X|doi-access=free|pmc=7753537}}</ref> This leads to a [[panarchy (ecology)|panarchical]] interpretation of a supply chain, embedding it into a [[system of systems]], allowing to analyze the interactions of the supply chain with systems that operate at other levels (e.g. society, political economy, planet Earth).<ref name="wiel2021" />

For example, these three components of resilience can be discussed for the [[2021 Suez Canal obstruction]], when a ship blocked the canal for several days. Persistence means to "bounce back"; in our example it is about removing the ship as quickly as possible to allow "normal" operations. Adaptation means to accept that the system has reached a "new normal" state and to act accordingly; here, this can be implemented by redirecting ships around the African cape or use alternative modes of transport. Finally, transformation means to question the assumptions of globalization, outsourcing and linear supply chains and to envision alternatives; in this example this could lead to local and circular supply chains that do not need global transportation routes any longer.