Editing Summer Olympic Games (section)

===After World War II===
The first post-war Games were held in [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] in London, with both Germany and Japan excluded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/01/24/archives/germany-and-japan-are-banned-as-participants-in-48-olympics-other.html|title=Germany and Japan Are Banned As Participants in '48 Olympics; Other Enemy Countries, Including Italy, Are Likely to Receive Bids, However-- Organizing Group Reveals Plans|date=24 January 1947|newspaper=The New York Times|page=25|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010440/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/01/24/archives/germany-and-japan-are-banned-as-participants-in-48-olympics-other.html}}</ref> Dutch sprinter [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]] won four gold medals on the track, emulating Owens' achievement in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/01/23/sports/dutch-sprinter-fanny-blankers-koen-who-was-crowned-female-athlete-20th-century|title=Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen who was crowned Female Athlete of the 20th Century|date=23 January 2022|last=Fernando|first=Shemal|newspaper=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320211907/https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/01/23/sports/dutch-sprinter-fanny-blankers-koen-who-was-crowned-female-athlete-20th-century}}</ref>

At the [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki Games]], the [[Soviet Union at the Olympics|USSR team]] competed for the first time and quickly emerged as one of the dominant teams, finishing second in the number of gold and overall medals won. Their immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete". The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis, hence violating amateur rules.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902183140/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976117-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2009|title=Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur|last=Benjamin|first=Daniel|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 March 2009|date=27 July 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Schantz|first=Otto|title=The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses – from Coubertin to Samaranch|publisher=Comité International Pierre De Coubertin|url=http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf|website=coubertin.ch|access-date=13 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052232/http://www.coubertin.ch/pdf/schantz.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0415/041531.html|title=How the Russians break the Olympic rules|journal=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=15 April 1980|last=Vinokur|first=Boris|url-status=live|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331200107/https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0415/041531.html}}</ref><ref name="A Real Pro">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/21/archives/soviet-amateur-athlete-a-real-pro-dr-john-nelson-washburn-is-an.html|title=Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=J. N. Washburn|date=21 July 1974|page=2|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419153414/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/21/archives/soviet-amateur-athlete-a-real-pro-dr-john-nelson-washburn-is-an.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-22-sp-30740-story.html|title=Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and Then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go Up|date=22 July 1986|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Bob|last=Oates|url-status=live|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412113717/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-22-sp-30740-story.html}}</ref> Finland made a legend of an amiable [[Czechoslovak Army]] lieutenant named [[Emil Zátopek]], who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first won both the 10,000- and 5,000-meter races, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously raced at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with the other race leaders, Zátopek led from about halfway, slowly dropping the remaining contenders to win by two and a half minutes, and completed a trio of wins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/emil-zatopek-olympic-treble-helsinki-1952|title=Marking the centenary of the birth of Zatopek|date=19 September 2022|last=Turnbull|first=Simon|work=[[World Athletics]]|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227032616/https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/emil-zatopek-olympic-treble-helsinki-1952|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Melbourne Games]], the first in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], were largely successful, with the exception of a [[Blood in the Water match|water polo match]] between [[Hungary at the Olympics|Hungary]] and the Soviet Union, which ended in a pitched battle between the teams on account of the [[Soviet invasion of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-14575260|title=Blood in the water: Hungary's 1956 water polo gold|last=Reid|first=Kirsty|date=20 August 2011|website=BBC News|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013081617/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-14575260}}</ref> The equestrian events were held in Stockholm due to a [[foot-and-mouth disease]] outbreak in Britain at the time and the strict [[quarantine]] laws of Australia.

At the [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome Games]], a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as [[Muhammad Ali]], arrived on the scene. Ali would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a [[Jim Crow laws|whites-only]] restaurant in his home town of [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallechinsky|first=David|author2=Jamie Loucky|year=2008|title=The Complete Book of the Olympics, 2008 Edition|publisher=[[Aurum Press]]|isbn=978-1-84513-330-6|pages=453–454 }}</ref> He was awarded a new medal 36 years later at the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Olympics]] in Atlanta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcsports.com/olympic/news/muhammad-ali-olympic-gold-medal-boxing|title=Why Muhammad Ali received a second Olympic gold medal in 1996|date=4 May 2020|website=[[NBC Olympic broadcasts]]|access-date=13 August 2022|author=OlympicTalk|url-status=live|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703091942/https://www.nbcsports.com/olympic/news/muhammad-ali-olympic-gold-medal-boxing}}</ref> Other notable performers in 1960 included [[Wilma Rudolph]], a gold medallist in the 100&nbsp;meters, 200&nbsp;meters, and 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;100 meters relay events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/wilma-rudolph-1960-olympics-100m-usa|title=Sixty years since historic Olympic triple, Rudolph's legacy lives on|date=2 September 2020|last=Mulkeen|first=Jon|work=[[World Athletics]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902205735/https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/wilma-rudolph-1960-olympics-100m-usa}}</ref>

The [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Games]] were the first to be held in Asia and to be broadcast worldwide on television, enabled by the recent advent of communication satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teamusa.org/News/2019/January/08/How-The-1964-Games-Brought-Live-Olympic-Sports-To-The-United-States-For-The-First-Time|title=How the 1964 Games brought live Olympic Sports to the United States for the first time|date=8 January 2019|last=Kortemeier|first=Todd|website=[[United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee|Team USA]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407173559/https://www.teamusa.org/News/2019/January/08/How-The-1964-Games-Brought-Live-Olympic-Sports-To-The-United-States-For-The-First-Time}}</ref> These Games marked a turning point in the global visibility and popularity of the Olympics and are credited for heralding the modern age of telecommunications. [[Judo at the Summer Olympics|Judo]] debuted as an official sport, and Dutch judoka [[Anton Geesink]] caused a stir when he won the final of the open weight division, defeating [[Akio Kaminaga]] in front of his home crowd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/tokyo-1964-the-first-chapter|title=Tokyo 1964: The First Chapter|date=8 July 2021|last=Messner|first=Nicolas|website=[[International Judo Federation|IJF.org]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022132920/https://www.ijf.org/news/show/tokyo-1964-the-first-chapter}}</ref>

[[File:Opening Ceremony Mexico 87 University Stadium.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremony for the [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Games]] in Mexico City, the first held in Latin America]]

Performances at the [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Games]] in Mexico City were affected by the altitude of the host city.<ref name=Games1968/> These Games introduced the now-universal [[Fosbury flop]], a technique which won American high jumper [[Dick Fosbury]] the gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/dick-fosbury-flop|title=50 years since the day Dick Fosbury revolutionised the high jump|date=20 October 2018|last=Minshull|first=Phil|work=[[World Athletics]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320220445/https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/dick-fosbury-flop}}</ref> In the medal award ceremony for the men's 200-meter race, [[black American]] athletes [[Tommie Smith]] (gold medal winner) and [[John Carlos]] (bronze medal winner) took a stand for [[civil rights]] by raising their [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|black-gloved fists]] and wearing black socks in lieu of shoes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/black-power-salute-1968-50-years-olympics-tommie-smith-john-carlos-racism-mexico-city-a8587811.html|title=Black Power salute 50 years on: Iconic Olympics protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos remembered|date=24 April 2019|last=Parfitt|first=Tom|website=The Independent|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034505/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/black-power-salute-1968-50-years-olympics-tommie-smith-john-carlos-racism-mexico-city-a8587811.html}}</ref> The two athletes were subsequently expelled from the Games by the IOC. [[Věra Čáslavská]], in protest against the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia]], and the controversial decision by the judges on the [[balance beam]] and [[Floor (gymnastics)|floor]], turned her head down and away from the [[Soviet flag]] while the [[State Anthem of the Soviet Union|national anthem]] was played during the medal ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/45900544|title=Vera Caslavska and the forgotten story of her 1968 Olympics protest|date=20 October 2018|last=Reynolds|first=Tom|website=BBC Sport|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022024057/https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/45900544}}</ref> She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people but was made an outcast by the Soviet-dominated government.

[[File:Trauerfeier für die Opfer des Attentats in München (Kiel 53.824).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Olympic flag]] at halfmast in Kiel (host city of the sailing events), after the [[Munich massacre]] at 1972 Games]]

Politics again intervened at the [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Games]] in Munich, but this time with [[Munich massacre|lethal consequences]]. A Palestinian terrorist group named [[Black September (group)|Black September]] invaded the Olympic village and broke into the apartment of the [[Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics|Israeli delegation]]. They killed two Israelis and held nine others as hostages, demanding that Israel release numerous prisoners. When the Israeli government refused the terrorists' demands, the situation developed into a tense stand-off while negotiations continued. Eventually, the captors, still holding their hostages, were offered safe passage and taken to an airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the ensuing firefight, 15 people were killed, including the nine captive Israeli athletes and five of the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/02/50-stunning-olympic-moments-munich-72|title=50 stunning Olympic moments No 26: The terrorist outrage in Munich in 1972|date=2 May 2012|last=Burnton|first=Simon|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219001325/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/02/50-stunning-olympic-moments-munich-72|archive-date=19 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> After much debate, the decision was taken to continue the Games, but the proceedings were understandably dominated by these events.<ref name=Games1972/> Some memorable athletic achievements did occur during these Games, notably the winning of a then-record seven gold medals by United States swimmer [[Mark Spitz]], Finland's [[Lasse Virén]] taking back-to-back gold medals in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, and the winning of three gold medals by Soviet gymnastic star [[Olga Korbut]], who achieved a historic backflip off the [[high bar]]. In the [[1972 Olympic men's basketball final|final of the men's basketball]], the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States]] lost to the [[Soviet Union men's national basketball team|Soviet Union]] in what is widely considered as the most controversial game in international basketball history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usabasketball.com/history/moly_1972.html|title= USA Basketball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822182059/http://www.usabasketball.com/history/moly_1972.html|archive-date=22 August 2007}}</ref> In a close-fought match, the U.S. team appeared to have won by a score of 50–49. However, the final three seconds of the game were replayed three times by judges until the Soviet team came out on top and claimed a 51–50 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=120 years, 120 stories (Part 15) : Soviets beat the Americans amidst controversies involving communist judges|date=3 March 2016|url=http://sports-nova.com/2016/03/04/120-years-120-stories-part-15-soviets-beat-americans-amidst-controversies-involving-communist-judges/|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225062628/https://www.sports-nova.com/2016/03/04/120-years-120-stories-part-15-soviets-beat-americans-amidst-controversies-involving-communist-judges/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ultimately the U.S. team refused to accept their silver medals.

There was no such tragedy at the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal Games]], but bad planning and fraud led to the cost of these Games far exceeding the budget. Costing $1.5&nbsp;billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|CA|1.5|1976|r=2}}&nbsp;billion in {{Inflation-year|CA}}),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/will-canada-ever-host-another-olympics-if-not-dont-blame-the-1976-montreal-games|title=Will Canada ever host another Olympics? If not, don't blame the 1976 Montreal Games|date=25 February 2019|last=Forrester|first=Nicole W.|newspaper=[[National Post]]|agency=The Canadian Press|access-date=14 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-url= https://archive.today/20240506231806/https://nationalpost.com/news/will-canada-ever-host-another-olympics-if-not-dont-blame-the-1976-montreal-games|archive-date= 6 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/19/world/canada-montreal-olympic-legacy/index.html|title=Olympics worth the price tag? The Montreal Legacy|date=19 July 2012|last=Newton|first=Paula|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=14 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306090945/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/19/world/canada-montreal-olympic-legacy/index.html}}</ref> the 1976 Summer Games were the most expensive in Olympic history (until the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]) and it seemed, for a time, that the Olympics might no longer be a viable financial proposition. In retrospect, it is believed that contractors (suspected of being members of the Montreal Mafia) skimmed large sums of money from all levels of contracts while also profiting from the substitution of cheaper building materials of lesser quality, which may have contributed to the delays, poor construction, and excessive costs. In 1988, one such contractor, Giuseppe Zappia "was cleared of fraud charges that resulted from his work on Olympic facilities after two key witnesses died before testifying at his trial".<ref>{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Stephen H.|year=2009|title=Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO8jKSn25DAC&pg=PA551|page=551|isbn=978-0-470-83500-5|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd}}</ref> The 1976 Games were boycotted by many African nations as a protest against [[1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa|a recent tour]] of [[apartheid]]-run South Africa by the [[New Zealand national rugby union team]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/sports/montreal-olympics-photo-flashback-african-boycott-targeted-new-zealand-and-apartheid-south-africa|title=Montreal Olympics photo flashback: Boycott targeted New Zealand, South Africa|date=18 July 2016|last=Riga|first=Andy|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]]|access-date=13 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050323/https://montrealgazette.com/sports/montreal-olympics-photo-flashback-african-boycott-targeted-new-zealand-and-apartheid-south-africa}}</ref> Romanian gymnast [[Nadia Comăneci]] made history when she won the women's individual all-around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores. She won two other individual events, with two perfect scores in the balance beam and all perfect scores in the uneven bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gymnastics/2019/09/25/moment-time-18-july-1976-nadia-comanecis-perfect-10/|title=Moment in Time: 18 July, 1976 - Nadia Comaneci's perfect 10|date=25 September 2019|last=Bowman|first=Verity|website=The Telegraph|access-date=14 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002015903/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gymnastics/2019/09/25/moment-time-18-july-1976-nadia-comanecis-perfect-10/}}</ref> Lasse Virén repeated his double gold in the 5,000 and 10,000 meters, making him the first athlete to ever win the distance double twice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/05/22/sports/finnish-lasse-viren%E2%80%99s-olympic-gold-double-double-munich-1972-and-montreal-1976|title=Finnish Lasse Viren's Olympic Gold Double-Double at Munich 1972 and Montreal 1976|date=22 May 2022|last=Fernando|first=Shemal|newspaper=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]]|access-date=14 August 2022|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601191153/https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2022/05/22/sports/finnish-lasse-viren%E2%80%99s-olympic-gold-double-double-munich-1972-and-montreal-1976}}</ref>
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