Editing Suleiman the Magnificent (section)

===Conquests in Europe===
{{See also|Ottoman wars in Europe|Islam and Protestantism}}
[[File:1522-Sultan Suleiman during the Siege of Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg|thumb|Suleiman during the [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|siege of Rhodes]] in 1522]]

Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually leading to a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of [[Damascus]] in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the [[Siege of Belgrade 1521|conquest of Belgrade]] from the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]—something his great-grandfather [[Mehmed II]] had failed to achieve because of [[John Hunyadi]]'s strong defense in the region. Its capture was vital in removing the Hungarians and Croats who, following the defeats of the [[Albanians]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and the [[Serbs]], remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled [[Belgrade]] on 28 August 1521, with 250,000 Turkish soldiers and over 100 ships. and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the [[Danube]].<ref name= Imber>{{cite book |last=Imber|first=Colin|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-333-61386-3}}</ref> Belgrade was made the seat of the [[Pashalik of Belgrade]] (also known as the Sanjak of Smederevo), and quickly became the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100,000 people, surpassed only by [[Constantinople]].<ref name="belgradenetcom">{{cite web |title=The History of Belgrade |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |access-date=7 July 2009 |publisher=Belgradenet.com}}</ref>

The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman turned his attention instead to the Eastern [[Mediterranean]] island of [[Rhodes]], the home base of the [[Knights Hospitaller]]. Suleiman built a large fortification, [[Marmaris Castle]], that served as a base for the [[Ottoman Navy]]. Following a five-month [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|siege]], Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the [[Knights of Rhodes]] to depart.<ref name="ebSiegeOfRhodes">{{cite web|last1=Bunting|first1=Tony|title=Siege of Rhodes|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Rhodes|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> The conquest of the island cost the Ottomans 50,000<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKG5VcYPtp0C&pg=PA397|title=War: The Definitive Visual History|first=D. K.|last=Publishing|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0756668174|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Clodfelter>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015|edition=14th|first=Micheal|last=Clodfelter|year=2017|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786474707|via=Google Books}}</ref> to 60,000<ref name=Clodfelter/> dead from battle and sickness (Christian claims went as high as 64,000 Ottoman battle deaths and 50,000 disease deaths).<ref name=Clodfelter/>
[[File:Battle of Mohacs 1526.png|thumb|[[Battle of Mohacs]] by [[Bertalan Székely]]]]

As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman  resumed his campaign in Central Europe, and on 29 August 1526 he defeated [[Louis II of Hungary]] (1506–1526) at the [[Battle of Mohács]]. The Hungarian army, encouraged by the nobility to engage prematurely, launched a frontal assault that collapsed under coordinated Ottoman counterattacks. King Louis and much of the Hungarian aristocracy were killed, resulting in the destruction of the royal army and the end of the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]] in Hungary and Bohemia. The aftermath saw the partition of Hungary between the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Habsburg monarchy]], and the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]]. The battle marked the beginning of sustained [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]] and the decline of Hungary as an independent power. Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=National Geographic|last=Severy|first=Merle |title=The World of Süleyman the Magnificent |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=November 1987 |pages=580 |volume=172|issue=5 |issn=0027-9358}}</ref> While Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary, [[Yorouks|Turkmen]] tribes in central Anatolia (in [[Cilicia]]) revolted under the leadership of [[Jelali revolts|Kalender Çelebi]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| first= N.| last= Ciachir| title= Soliman Magnificul| trans-title= Soliman the Magnificent| place= Bucharest| year= 1972| encyclopedia= Editura enciclopedică română| page= 157}}</ref>

Some Hungarian nobles proposed that [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], who was the ruler of neighboring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the [[Habsburgs]] would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.<ref name= Imber />{{rp|52}} However, other nobles turned to the nobleman [[John Zápolya]], whom Suleiman supported. Under [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and his brother Ferdinand I, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession of Hungary. Reacting in 1529, Suleiman marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda; in the following autumn, his forces laid [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|siege to Vienna]]. This was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive to the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000&nbsp;men,<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Turnbull|title=The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699|location=New York|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2003|page=50}}</ref> the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry that lasted until the 20th century. His second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, as Ottoman forces were delayed by the [[siege of Güns]] and failed to reach Vienna. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather, forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment, and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= International Journal of Middle East Studies|last=Labib|first=Subhi|title=The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation |location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press |date= November 1979|pages=435–451|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S002074380005128X|s2cid=162249695 |issn=0020-7438}}</ref>{{rp|444}} In 1533 the [[Truce of Constantinople (1533)|Treaty of Constantinople]] was signed by [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], in which he acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty and recognised Suleiman as his "father and suzerain", he also agreed to pay an annual tribute and accepted the Ottoman grand vizier as his brother and equal in rank.<ref>Bonney, Richard. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Bonney-2/publication/233869226_Suleiman_the_Magnificent/links/0fcfd50c76535f3f21000000/Suleiman-the-Magnificent.pdf "Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") (1494–1566)."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Bonney-2/publication/233869226_Suleiman_the_Magnificent/links/0fcfd50c76535f3f21000000/Suleiman-the-Magnificent.pdf |date=8 August 2022 }} The Encyclopedia of War (2011).</ref><ref>Somel, Selcuk Aksin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA111 The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. No. 152.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&lpg=PA111&pg=PA111 |date=8 August 2022 }} Rowman & Littlefield, 2010.</ref><ref>Erasmus, Desiderius. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6t2&pg=PA The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 2635 to 2802 April 1532–April 1533. Vol. 19.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226065927/https://books.google.co.uk/?lpg=PA&hl=en |date=26 December 2022 }} University of Toronto Press, 2019.</ref><ref>Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. [https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&pg=PA94 History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808. Vol. 1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&lpg=PA94&pg=PA94 |date=8 August 2022 }} Cambridge University Press, 1976.</ref><ref>Faroqhi, Suraiya N., and Kate Fleet, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXdhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 2, The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191603/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uXdhBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT70&pg=PT70 |date=8 August 2022 }} Cambridge University Press, 2012</ref>

[[File:John Sigismund of Hungary with Suleiman the Magnificient in 1556.jpg|thumb|King [[John II Sigismund Zápolya|John Sigismund]] of Hungary with Suleiman in 1556]]

By the 1540s, a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. In 1541, the Habsburgs attempted to lay siege to Buda but were repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses were captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and 1544 as a result,<ref name= Imber /> In 1542, after Ferdinand's repeated sieges of [[Buda]] and [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]],  Suleiman went to Edirne on 17 November 1542 to prepare for a new campaign and stayed there for a while. On 23 April 1543, he set out on another campaign against Hungary. On 8 August, after a two-week siege ,[[Esztergom]] was captured by the Ottoman Empire. Within a few weeks, the cities of Siklós , Székesfehérvár and Szeged were also taken. Ferdinand and Charles were foruleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as "Emperor" but as the "King of Spain", leading Suleiman to identify as the true "Caesar".<ref name= Imber />{{rp|54}} In 1552, Suleiman's forces laid [[Siege of Eger (1552)|siege to Eger]], located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by [[István Dobó]] repelled the attacks and defended the [[Eger Castle]].<ref>{{cite news |title=István Dobó |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Istvan-Dobo |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
[[File:Johann Peter Krafft 005.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Szigetvár]] by [[Johann Peter Krafft]], 1825]]

Suleiman, set out on his 13th expedition, [[Siege of Szigetvár]] on 1 May 1566, at the age of 72, after an absence of approximately 13 years. The Ottoman army, which arrived in Belgrade on 27 June and was joined by Sigismund Zapolya's forces, arrived in [[Szigetvár]] on 2 August. Suleiman arrived at the siege on 5 August and settled in his tent on a hill from which the siege could be seen.  On 6 September, Suleiman died in his tent, one day before the fall of [[Szigetvár]]. His death was kept secret with great effort, with only the Sultan's innermost circle knowing of his demise. This was because the Ottomans feared that their soldiers would give up the battle if they knew that their leader had died, so his death was kept secret for 48 days. A courier was dispatched from the camp with a message for Suleiman's successor, [[Selim II]].