Editing Sucking louse (section)

== Effects ==

=== In humans ===
Anoplura contains three species of lice that parasitize humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhoundi |first=Mohammad |last2=Heriniaina |first2=Hantatiana Juliana |last3=Brun |first3=Sophie |last4=Benamari |first4=Emma |last5=Izri |first5=Arezki |date=2024-11-03 |title=Morphological discrimination of human lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) by eggs’ cap-like operculum |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-78292-8 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=26506 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-78292-8 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11532422 }}</ref> Anoplura body lice (''[[Body louse|Pediculus humanus humanus]]'') typically carry the potential of causing skin irritation, and are [[Disease vector|vectors]] of multiple blood-born diseases.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=J. Spencer |last2=Yoon |first2=Kyong Sup |last3=Strycharz |first3=Joseph P. |last4=Pittendrigh |first4=Barry R. |last5=Clark |first5=J. Marshall |date=2007-11-01 |title=Body Lice and Head Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) Have the Smallest Genomes of Any Hemimetabolous Insect Reported to Date |url=https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/44/6/1009/1088303?login=false |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1009–1012 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/44.6.1009 |issn=0022-2585|doi-access=free }}</ref> Common symptoms of Anoplura body lice include [[relapsing fever]], [[trench fever]] and [[epidemic typhus]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bonilla |first=Denise L. |last2=Durden |first2=Lance A. |last3=Eremeeva |first3=Marina E. |last4=Dasch |first4=Gregory A. |date=2013 |title=The biology and taxonomy of head and body lice--implications for louse-borne disease prevention |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3828170/ |journal=PLoS pathogens |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=e1003724 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003724 |issn=1553-7374 |pmc=3828170 |pmid=24244157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to increased societal standards for hygiene, body lice in general is significantly less prevalent in developed regions.<ref name=":2" /> During the [[American Civil War]], body lice were colloquially known as "seam squirrels" due to their tendency to lay eggs within the seams of soldier's clothes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Susan |title=The Civil War and Body Lice |url=https://www.cayugacounty.us/DocumentCenter/View/1775/Civil-War-and-Body-Lice-PDF#:~:text=Body%20lice%2C%20Pediculus%20Vestimenti%2C%20had,bit%20larger%20than%20head%20lice |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2025 |website=cayugacounty.us |format=PDF}}</ref> Anoplura head lice (''[[Head louse|Pediculus humanus capitis]])'' is significantly more common than pubic or body lice, with studies reporting an infestation rate between 3.6% and 61.4% from countries in North and South America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falagas |first=Matthew E. |last2=Matthaiou |first2=Dimitrios K. |last3=Rafailidis |first3=Petros I. |last4=Panos |first4=George |last5=Pappas |first5=Georgios |date=2008 |title=Worldwide prevalence of head lice |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2603110/ |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1493–1494 |doi=10.3201/eid1409.080368 |issn=1080-6059 |pmc=2603110 |pmid=18760032}}</ref> Cases of head lice are most common in children between the ages of 3 and 11.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Lice (Phthiraptera) - Factsheet for health professionals |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera#:~:text=Due%20to%20their%20blood%20feeding,mechanical%20transmission%20of%20opportunistic%20bacteria. |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> [[Crab louse|''Pthirus pubis'']] (also known as pubic lice or crabs) is a species of sucking lice that affects the genitals of humans, and is the cause of [[Pediculosis pubis]].<ref name=":3" /> Public lice are often mistaken as [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted infections]] due to frequently being contracted through sexual contact, however they are only considered parasites as they can be spread through non-sexual methods such as sharing blankets or towels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pubic Lice (Crabs) |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4522-pubic-lice-crabs |url-status=live |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=clevelandclinic.org}}</ref>

=== In other animals ===
Dogs can be affected by three individual species of Anoplura lice: ''Linognathus setosus, Heterodoxus spiniger'' and [[Trichodectes canis|''Trichodectes canis'']].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lice of Dogs - Dog Owners |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/skin-disorders-of-dogs/lice-of-dogs |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual |language=en-US}}</ref> Dogs infested by lice show symptoms of discomfort such as rubbing, scratching and biting areas affected.<ref name=":4" /> Coats of affected animals are often rough to the tough, and can become matted over time if left untreated.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Overview of Lice in Animals - Integumentary System |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/lice/overview-of-lice-in-animals |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual |language=en-US}}</ref> Severe infestations of sucking lice can lead to [[anemia]] from the loss of blood as well.<ref name=":5" /> Lice in dogs can only be contracted through either direct or indirect contact with another infested dog, and cannot be transferred across different species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lice |url=https://capcvet.org/guidelines/lice/#:~:text=Lice%20of%20dogs%20and%20cats,combs,%20or%20similar%20grooming%20equipment. |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Companion Animal Parasite Council |language=en}}</ref>

Cats are not affected by Anoplura lice, rather they can only contract the species ''Felicola subrostrata,'' a type of chewing lice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lice of Cats - Cat Owners |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/lice-of-cats |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul Pion |first=D. V. M. |last2=Spadafori |first2=Gina |date=2017-08-08 |title=Veterinary Partner |url=https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4952773#:~:text=There%20is%20one%20kind%20of,chewing%20louse)%20that%20affects%20cats.&text=What%20you%20will%20notice%20with,areas%20will%20be%20most%20affected. |journal=VIN.com}}</ref>

Most [[cattle]] species can be affected by sucking lice, with certain lice species being specially adapted to their preferred cattle and unable to be transferred across any other species.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=2021-02-03 |title=Lice: A Wintertime Threat - Oklahoma State University |url=https://news.okstate.edu/articles/veterinary-medicine/2021/lice_a_wintertime_threat.html#:~:text=Lice%20that%20affect%20cattle%20cannot,or%20chewing)%20and%20sucking%20lice. |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=news.okstate.edu |language=en}}</ref> Anoplura lice can only live off of the animal for a few days.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Schlesser |first=Heather |title=Lice Management For Cattle |url=https://livestock.extension.wisc.edu/articles/lice-management-for-cattle/#:~:text=It%20takes%20the%20nymphs%20about,weight%20gain,%20and%20general%20thriftiness. |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Livestock |language=en-US}}</ref> Female lice specialized to cattle tend to lay a single egg every day for around 2 to 3 weeks.<ref name=":7" /> Similar to sucking lice in dogs, severe infestations can cause cattle to experience anemia, with newborn calves being particularly vulnerable.<ref name=":6" />