Editing Subspecies of Canis lupus (section)

==List of extinct subspecies==
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fossil subspecies of ''Canis lupus''
|-
! scope="col" width=12%| Subspecies
! scope="col" width=12%| Image
! scope="col" width=12%| Authority
! scope="col" width=20%| Description
! scope="col" width=18%| Range
! scope="col" width=26%| Taxonomic synonyms
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. maximus''
| 
|Boudadi-Maligne, 2012<ref name=Boudadi2012>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2012.04.003|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068312000802|title=Une nouvelle sous-espèce de loup (Canis lupus maximus nov. Subsp.) dans le Pléistocène supérieur d'Europe occidentale [A new subspecies of wolf (Canis lupus maximus nov. subsp.) from the upper Pleistocene of Western Europe]|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=11|issue=7|pages=475|year=2012|last1=Boudadi-Maligne|first1=Myriam}}</ref>
|The [[largest prehistoric animals|largest]] subspecies of all known extinct and extant wolves from [[Western Europe]]. The wolf's long bones are 10% longer than those of extant European wolves, 12% larger than those of ''C. l. santenaisiensis'' and 20% longer than those of ''C. l. lunellensis''.<ref name=Boudadi2012/> The teeth are robust, the posterior denticules on the lower premolars p2, p3, p4 and upper P2 and P3 are highly developed, and the diameter of the lower carnassial (m1) were larger than any known European wolf.<ref name=Boudadi2012/>
|Jaurens Cave, southern [[France]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. spelaeus''<br />[[Cave wolf]]
|[[File:Prehistorische dierenresten uit Noord-Brabant (1998) fig. 19 colorized.png|140 px]]
|Goldfuss, 1823<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldfuss|first1=G. A.|title=Osteologische Beiträge zur Kenntniss verschiedener Säugethiere der Vorwelt (Osteological contributions to different knowledge Beast of the ancients)|publisher=Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiea Caesarae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum|volume=3|year=1823|chapter=5-Ueber den Hölenwolf (Canis spelaeus) (About the Cave wolf)|pages=451–455|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=-vzoIQL1-8EC|page=449}}}}</ref>
|Its bone proportions are close to those of the [[Northwestern wolf|Canadian Arctic-boreal mountain-adapted timber wolf]] and a little larger than those of the modern [[Eurasian wolf|European wolf]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diedrich|first1=Cajus G.|title=Famous Planet Earth Caves: Sophie's Cave (Germany) - A Late Pleistocene Cave Bear Den|publisher=Bentham Books|volume=1|year=2015|isbn=978-1-68108-001-7|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=JJH8DQAAQBAJ}}}} ebook - e{{ISBN|978-1-68108-000-0}}</ref>
|Across Europe
|<small>''brevis'' Kuzmina, 1994</small><ref>{{cite journal | last1= Baryshnikov | first1=Gennady F. | last2=Mol | first2=Dick | last3= Tikhonov | first3=Alexei N | date=2009 | title=Finding of the Late Pleistocene carnivores in Taimyr Peninsula (Russia, Siberia) with paleoecological context | url=http://zmmu.msu.ru/rjt/articles/article.php?volume=8&issue=2&pages=107-113| journal=Russian Journal of Theriology | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=107–113 | access-date=September 7, 2022| doi=10.15298/rusjtheriol.08.2.04 | doi-broken-date=2 December 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] Unnamed Late Pleistocene Italian subspecies
|
|Berte, Pandolfi, 2014<ref name=berte2014>{{cite journal|last1=Berte|first1=E.|last2=Pandolfi|first2=L.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269333851|title=''Canis lupus'' (Mammalia, Canidae) from the Late Pleistocene deposit of Avetrana (Taranto, Southern Italy)|journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontoligia e Stratigrafia|volume=120|issue=3|year=2014|pages=367–379}}</ref>
|Known from fragmentary remains, it was a large subspecies comparable in size and shape to ''C. l. maximus''.<ref name=berte2014/>
|[[Avetrana]] ([[Italy]])
|
|}

Subspecies recognized by ''[[MSW3]]'' {{As of|2005|lc=on}} which have gone extinct over the past 150 years:<ref name=wozencraft2005/> 
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Extinct subspecies of ''Canis lupus''
|-
! scope="col" width=12%| Subspecies
! scope="col" width=12%| Image
! scope="col" width=12%| Authority
! scope="col" width=20%| Description
! scope="col" width=18%| Range
! scope="col" width=26%| Taxonomic synonyms
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. alces''<br />[[Kenai Peninsula wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. alces mod.png|140px]]
| Goldman, 1941<ref>{{ITIS|id=726810 |taxon=''Canis lupus alces'' Goldman, 1941}}</ref>
| One of the largest North American subspecies, similar to ''pambasileus''. Its fur color is silver-gray or brindle-black.<ref name="goldman1944alces">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 422-24</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Arthur James |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mineral_Resources_of_Kenai_Peninsula_Ala/lig-wdYZFvQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA3-PA51&printsec=frontcover |title=Mineral Resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: Gold Fields of the Turnagain Arm Region |last2=Butts |first2=Charles |last3=Moffit |first3=Fred Howard |last4=Prindle |first4=Louis Marcus |last5=Gannett |first5=Samuel Stinson |last6=Dale |first6=Thomas Nelson |last7=Hess |first7=Frank Lee |date=1907 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>
|The [[Kenai Peninsula]], Alaska
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. beothucus''<br />[[Newfoundland wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. beothocus mod.jpg|140px]]
| G. M. Allen and Barbour, 1937
| A medium-sized, white-furred subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944beothucus">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 435-36</ref> Its former range is slowly being claimed by its relative, the [[Labrador wolf]] (''C. l. labradorius'').
| [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. bernardi''<br />[[Bernard's wolf|Banks Island wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. bernardi mod.jpg|140 px]] 
|Anderson, 1943
| A large, slender subspecies with a narrow muzzle and large carnassials.<ref name="goldman1944bernardi">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 472-74</ref> 
|Limited to [[Banks Island|Banks]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]s in the Canadian Arctic 
|<small>''banksianus'' Anderson, 1943</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000746 }}</ref>
<small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. arctos''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. floridanus''<br />[[Florida black wolf]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small>
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. floridanus.jpg|130 px]]
| Miller, 1912
| A jet-black subspecies that is described as having been extremely similar to the [[red wolf]] in both size and weight.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=90eEeae4rmIC&dq=%22Florida+Black+wolf%22&pg=PA42 "The Wolf"], ''Alsatian Shepalute's: A New Breed for a New Millennium'' by Lois Denny, AuthorHouse, 2004, Pg. 42</ref> This subspecies became extinct in 1908.<ref>Klinkenberg, Jeff, [https://archive.today/20130111073323/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/50193046.html?dids=50193046:50193046&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+11,+1990&author=JEFF+KLINKENBERG&pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&desc=For+saving+the+Florida+panther,+it's+desperation+time&pqatl=google "For saving the Florida panther, it's desperation time"], [[St. Petersburg Times]], February 11, 1990</ref>
| [[Florida]]
|<small>Currently (2025) recognized as a subspecies of ''Canis rufus''<ref name=chambers2012/> as ''Canis rufus floridanus'', but debated</small> 
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. fuscus''<br />[[Cascade mountain wolf|Cascade Mountains wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. fuscus mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Richardson, 1839
| A cinnamon-colored subspecies similar to ''columbianus'' and ''irremotus'', but darker in color.<ref name="goldman1944fuscus">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 455-8</ref>
| The [[Cascade Range]]
| <small>''gigas'' Townsend, 1850</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000754 }}</ref>
<small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. gregoryi''<br />[[Gregory's wolf|Mississippi Valley wolf]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small>
|
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| A medium-sized subspecies, though slender and tawny; its coat contained a mixture of various colors, including black, white, gray and cinnamon.<ref name="Goldman">{{Cite journal |last=Goldman |first=E. A. |date=1937 |title=The Wolves of North America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1374306 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.2307/1374306 |jstor=1374306 |issn=0022-2372}}</ref>
|In and around the lower [[Mississippi River]] basin
| <small>Currently (2025) recognized as a subspecies of ''Canis rufus''<ref name=chambers2012/> as ''Canis rufus gregoryi'', but debated</small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. griseoalbus''<br />[[Manitoba wolf]]
| [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. griseoalbus-occidentalis mod.jpg|150px]]
| Baird, 1858
|
| Northern [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Manitoba]]
| <small>''knightii'' Anderson, 1945</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000756 }}</ref>
<small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. hattai''<br />[[Hokkaido wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. hattai.jpg|140 px]]
| [[Kyukichi Kishida|Kishida]], 1931
| Similar in size, and related to, the wolves of North America.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.27.320|pmid=20377350 |title=Osteological and Genetic Analysis of the Extinct Ezo Wolf (Canis Lupus Hattai) from Hokkaido Island, Japan|journal=Zoological Science|volume=27|issue=#4 |pages=320–4|year=2010 |last1=Ishiguro |first1=Naotaka|last2=Inoshima |first2=Yasuo|last3=Shigehara |first3=Nobuo |last4=Ichikawa|first4=Hideo|last5=Kato|first5=Masaru|s2cid=11569628 }}</ref>
| [[Hokkaido]], [[Sakhalin]],<ref>Nowak, R.M. 1995. Another look at wolf taxonomy. Pages 375-397 in L.H. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, D.R. Seip, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Canada.[http://redwolves.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/13-Nowak-1995.pdf] (refer to page 396)</ref><ref name=walker2008/> the [[Kamchatka peninsula|Kamchatkan Peninsula]], and [[Iturup]] and [[Kunashir Island|Kunashir]] Islands just to the east of Hokkaido in the [[Kuril Islands|Kuril Archipelago]]<ref name=walker2008>{{cite book|author=Walker, Brett|year=2008|title=The Lost Wolves of Japan|publisher=University of Washington Press}}</ref>
| <small>''rex'' Pocock, 1935</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000757 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. hodophilax''<br />[[Japanese wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. hodophilax mod.jpg|120 px]]
| [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1839
| Smaller in size compared to other subspecies, except for the [[Arabian wolf]] (''C. l. arabs'').<ref name=walker2008/>
| Japanese islands of [[Honshū]], [[Shikoku]], and [[Kyūshū]] (but not [[Hokkaido]])<ref>Shigehara N, Hongo H (2000) Dog and wolf remains of the earliest Jomon period at Torihama site in Fukui Prefecture. Torihama-Kaizuka-Kennkyu 2: 23–40 (in Japanese)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.26.765|pmid=19877836|title=Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax ''Temminck'', 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes|journal=Zoological Science|volume=26|issue=#11|pages=765–70|year=2009|last1=Ishiguro|first1=Naotaka |last2=Inoshima|first2=Yasuo|last3=Shigehara|first3=Nobuo|s2cid=27005517|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| <small>''japonicus'' Nehring, 1885</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000758 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. mogollonensis''<br />[[Mogollon mountain wolf|Mogollon Mountains wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. mogollonensis mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| A small, dark-colored subspecies, intermediate in size between ''youngi'' and ''baileyi''.<ref name="goldman1944mogollonensis">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 463-66</ref>
| [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. monstrabilis''<br />[[Texas wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. monstrabilis mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| Similar in size and color to ''mogollonensis'' and possibly the same subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944monstrabilis">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 466-68</ref>
| [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]], and northern [[Mexico]]
| <small>''niger'' Bartram, 1791</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000767 }}</ref>
<small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. youngi''<br />[[Southern Rocky Mountain wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. youngi mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies closely resembling ''nubilus'', though larger, with more blackish-buff hairs on the back.<ref name=glover>Glover, A. (1942), [https://archive.org/stream/extinctvanishing00allerich#page/226/mode/2up/search/wolf ''Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans''], American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 227-229.</ref>
| Southeastern [[Idaho]], southwestern [[Wyoming]], northeastern [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], western and central [[Colorado]], northwestern [[Arizona]] and northwestern [[New Mexico]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|}

Subspecies discovered since the publishing of ''[[MSW3]]'' in 2005 which have gone extinct over the past 150 years: 
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Extinct subspecies of ''Canis lupus''
|-
! scope="col" width=12%| Subspecies
! scope="col" width=12%| Image
! scope="col" width=12%| Authority
! scope="col" width=20%| Description
! scope="col" width=18%| Range
! scope="col" width=26%| Taxonomic synonyms
|-
! scope="row" | [[extinction|†]] ''C. l. cristaldii''<br />[[Sicilian wolf]]
|[[File:Canis lupus cristaldii subsp. nov.png|140 px]]
| Angelici and Rossi, 2018<ref>Angelici, F. M. & Rossi, L., [https://museodistorianaturale.comune.verona.it/media/_Musei/_StoriaNaturale/_Allegati/Biblioteca/Bollettino/Bollettino%2042(2018)/01._Angelici_Rossi_42.pdf A new subspecies of grey wolf (Carnivora, Canidae), recently extinct, from Sicily, Italy], Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 42, 2018 Botanica Zoologia: 03-15</ref>
| A slender, short-legged subspecies with light, tawny-colored fur. The dark bands present on the forelimbs of the mainland Italian wolf were absent or poorly defined in the Sicilian wolf.
| [[Sicily]]
| 
|}