Editing Stuart Kauffman (section)

== Works ==

Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization#Biology|self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]] in three areas of [[evolutionary biology]], namely [[population dynamics]], [[molecular evolution]], and [[morphogenesis]]. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's [[Structuralism (biology)|structuralist]] approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of [[energy]] in driving [[biochemistry|biochemical reactions]] in cells, which can fairly be called self-[[catalysis|catalyzing]] but which do not simply self-organize.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref> Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref> Roger Sansom's 2011 book ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Borrowing from [[spin glass]] models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology{{sfn|Kauffman|Johnsen|1991}} and economics.{{sfn|Rivkin|Siggelkow|2002}}{{sfn|Felin|Kauffman|Koppl|Longo|2014}} In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and [[wiktionary:supracritical|supracritical]] behavior in economic systems.{{sfn|Hanel|Kauffman|Thurner|2007}}

Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the [[mind-body problem]] and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between [[quantum coherence]] and [[Classical physics|classicality]]. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing".{{sfn|Kauffman|2016}} With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere",{{sfn|Longo|Montévil|Kauffman|2012}} which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics.
[[File:Adjacent Possible1.png|thumb|A diagram illustrating the "adjacent possible" concept, with a curved gray line dividing a blue background into two sections. The x-axis is labeled "Society's readiness for adoption," and the y-axis is labeled "Competence of technology." A black dot labeled "Adjacent possible" marks the intersection of the curve, indicating the optimal point where technological capability and societal acceptance align for successful innovation.]]
Kauffman's work is posted on Physics [[ArXiv]], including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014){{sfn|Kauffman|2014}} and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015).{{sfn|Vattay|Salahub|Csaibai|Nassmi|2015}}

Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the ''adjacent possible''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tria |first1=F. |last2=Loreto |first2=V. |last3=Servedio |first3=V. D. P. |last4=Strogatz |first4=S. H. |date=July 2014 |title=The dynamics of correlated novelties |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5890 |doi=10.1038/srep05890 |pmid=25080941 |pmc=5376195|arxiv=1310.1953 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4E5890T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monechi |first1=Bernardo |last2=Ruiz-Serrano |first2=Álvaro |last3=Tria |first3=Francesca |last4=Loreto |first4=Vittorio |date=June 2017 |title=Waves of novelties in the expansion into the adjacent possible |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0179303 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179303 |pmid=28594909|pmc=5464662 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279303M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

He has published over 350 articles and 6 books: ''The Origins of Order'' (1993), ''At Home in the Universe'' (1995), ''Investigations'' (2000), ''Reinventing the Sacred'' (2008), ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'' (2016), and ''A World Beyond Physics'' (2019).

In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.<ref>The story can be read here: {{cite web |url=https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527002318/https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-27 |url-status=live |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick S., Rupert R., Sly S., and Gus G. Protocells in Their Very Early Years |date=16 August 2016}} Kauffman narrates the story in 2017 here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mxALd-rqSBc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312233945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus |website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-26}}{{cbignore}} An animated version is here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qKXt7zdLVR4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201002012309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4&t=663s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4|title=The origins of life and its continuing wonder |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Science Animated |date=24 August 2020 |quote=Stuart Kauffman explains how life evolved from its earlier origins some 3,700 million years ago through the story of four protocells—Patrick, Rupert, Sly and Gus. He explains why our knowledge of the origins and early evolution of life can greatly help us understand our true place in the world.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kastner |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Kauffman |first2=Stuart |last3=Epperson |first3=Michael |date=2019 |chapter=Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously |title=Adventures in Quantumland: Exploring Our Unseen Reality |location=London; Hackensack, NJ |publisher=World Scientific |pages=223–237 |isbn=978-1-78634-641-4 |oclc=1083673555 |doi=10.1142/9781786346421_0011|arxiv=1709.03595 |s2cid=4882205 }}</ref>

===Bibliography===
;Selected articles
* {{cite tech report |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=McCulloch |first2=W. S. |year=1967 |title=Random Nets of Formal Genes |series=Quarterly Progress Report 34 |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology }}
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=437–467 |date=1969 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0 |pmid=5803332|bibcode=1969JThBi..22..437K }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971a |title=Cellular Homeostasis, Epigenesis, and Replication in Randomly Aggregated Macromolecular Systems |journal=Journal of Cybernetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.1080/01969727108545830}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=1971b |title=Differentiation of Malignant to Benign Cells |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |pages=429–451 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(71)90020-8 |pmid=5556142 |volume=31|issue=3 |bibcode=1971JThBi..31..429K }}
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Antichaos and Adaptation |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=August 1991 |url=http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/91-09-037.pdf |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0891-78 |volume=265 |issue=2 |pages=78–84|pmid=1862333 |bibcode=1991SciAm.265b..78K |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. A. |last2=Johnsen |first2=S |date=1991 |title=Co-Evolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Co-Evolutionary Avalanches |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=467–505 |doi=10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80094-3|pmid=2062105 |bibcode=1991JThBi.149..467K |url=http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/bblonder/phys120/docs/kauffman.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.502.3299 }}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Autonomous Agents |editor1=Barrow, John D. |editor-link=John D. Barrow |editor2=Davies, Paul C. W. |editor2-link=Paul Davies |editor3=Harper, Charles L. Jr. |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0521831130 |ref=none}} 
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |chapter=Prolegomenon to a General Biology |editor1=Dembski, William A. |editor-link=William A. Dembski |editor2=Ruse, Michael |editor2-link=Michael Ruse |title=Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1139459617 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html |title=Beyond reductionism: Reinventing The Sacred |first=Stuart A. |last=Kauffman |date=November 12, 2006 |work=Edge.com |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=2015-04-28 |ref=none}} 
* {{cite journal |last1=Hanel |first1=R. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |last3=Thurner |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Towards a Physics of Evolution: Critical Diversity Dynamics at the Edges of Collapse and Bursts of Diversification |journal=[[Physical Review E]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=036110 |doi=10.1103/physreve.76.036110|pmid=17930309 |bibcode=2007PhRvE..76c6110H }}
* {{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Why Humanity Needs a God of Creativity |journal=[[New Scientist]] |issue=2655 |date=May 7, 2008 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826556.000-perspectives-why-humanity-needs-a-god-of-creativity.html |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61171-9 |volume=198 |pages=52–53 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nykter |first1=M. |last2=Price |first2=N. D. |last3=Aldana |first3=M. |last4=Ramsey |first4=S. A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. A. |last6=Hood |first6=L. |last7=Yli-Harja |first7=O. |last8=Shmulevich |first8=I. |year=2008 |title=Gene Expression Dynamics in the Macrophage Exhibit Criticality |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1897–1900 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0711525105|bibcode=2008PNAS..105.1897N |pmid=18250330 |pmc=2538855|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Hu |first2=L. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |last4=Zhang |first4=W. |last5=Shmulevich |first5=I. |year=2009 |title=Using cell fate attractors to uncover transcriptional regulation of HL60 neutrophil differentiation |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-3-20|pmid=19222862 |pmc=2652435 |doi-access=free |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Huang |first1=S. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. A. |year=2009 |chapter=Complex Gene Regulatory Networks - from Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate Determination |editor=Meyers, R. A. |title=Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-75888-6 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kauffman |first=S. A. |year=2011 |title=Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth |journal=Life |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.3390/life1010034 |pmid=25382055 |pmc=4187126 |bibcode=2011Life....1...34K |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite arXiv |last1=Longo |first1=G. |last2=Montévil |first2=M. |last3=Kauffman |first3=S. |eprint=1201.2069|title=No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere |date=January 2012 |class=q-bio.OT }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Stuart |last1=Kauffman |first2=Colin |last2=Hill |first3=Leroy |last3=Hood |first4=Sui |last4=Huang |title=Transforming Medicine: A Manifesto |journal=Scientific American Worldview |url=http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |year=2014b |access-date=2015-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713110927/http://www.saworldview.com/special-report-cancer/transforming-medicine-a-manifesto/ |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite arXiv |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Beyond the Stalemate: Conscious Mind-Body - Quantum Mechanics - Free Will - Possible Panpsychism - Possible Interpretation of Quantum Enigma |date=October 2014 |eprint=1410.2127|class=physics.hist-ph }}
* {{cite journal |ssrn=2197512 |title=Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality |last1=Felin |first1=T. |last2=Kauffman |first2=S. |last3=Koppl |first3=R. |last4=Longo |first4=G. |journal=[[Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal]] |date=December 2014 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1002/sej.1184 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415115/file/FelinKauffmanKopplLongoSEJ2014.pdf |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vattay |first1=G. |last2=Salahub |first2=D. |last3=Csaibai |first3=I. |last4=Nassmi |first4=A. |last5=Kauffman |first5=S. |title=Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=626 |pages=012023 |date=February 2015 |issue=1 |arxiv=1502.06880 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012023 |bibcode=2015JPhCS.626a2023V |s2cid=18439451 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. |year=2016 |chapter=Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing |title=The Once and Future Turing |editor1=Cooper, S. Barry |editor-link=S. Barry Cooper |editor2=Hodges, Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

;Books
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=The Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-507951-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0195111309 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Investigations |url=https://archive.org/details/investigations00kauf |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0199728947 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-465-00300-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingsacre00kauf_0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Humanity in a Creative Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-939045-8|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=A World Beyond Physics |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-087133-8 |ref=none}}