Editing Strike action (section)

===Recognition strikes===
{{anchor|Recognition strike}}
A recognition strike is an industrial strike implemented in order to force a particular employer or industry to recognize a [[trade union]] as the legitimate collective bargaining agent for a company's workers.<ref name="uslegal">{{Cite web | url = https://definitions.uslegal.com/r/recognition-strike/ | title = Recognition Strike Law and Legal Definition  | website = definitions.uslegal.com}}</ref><ref name="incessant">{{Cite journal | title = Implications of Incessant Strike Actions on the Implementation of Technical Education Programme in Nigeria.| first = J. A.| last = Adavbiele| journal = Journal of Education and Practice|volume=6|issue=8|pages=134–138| date = 16 April 2015| s2cid = 167107092}}</ref><ref name= "manager">{{cite book| title = A Manager's Guide to Labor Relations Terminology| author = William R. Adams| page = 60| year = 1990| publisher= Adams, Nash & Haskell  }}</ref> In 1949, their use in the United States was described as "a weapon used with varying results by labor for the last forty years or more".  One example cited was the successful formation of the [[United Auto Workers]], which achieved recognition from [[General Motors]] through the [[Flint sit-down strike]] of 1936-37.<ref name="hein">{{Cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upitt10&div=15&id=&page=|title=The Primary Strike for Recognition|first1=Charles C.|last1=Arensberg|journal=[[University of Pittsburgh Law Review]]|volume=10|page=137|date=1948–1949}}</ref> They were more common prior to the advent of modern American [[labor law]] (including the [[National Labor Relations Act]]), which introduced processes legally compelling an employer to recognize the legitimacy of properly certified unions.<ref name="hein"/><ref name="uslegal"/>

Two examples include the [[U.S. Steel recognition strike of 1901]], and the subsequent [[coal strike of 1902]].<ref name="anthracite">{{cite web | url = http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm | title = The Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 | access-date  = 14 July 2008  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080621111119/http://www.stfrancis.edu/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm | archive-date = 21 June 2008}}</ref> A 1936 study of strikes in the United States indicated that about one third of the total number of strikes between 1927 and 1928, and over 40 percent in 1929, were due to "demands for union recognition, closed shop, and protest against union discrimination and violation of union agreements".<ref name="peterson">{{Cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L3cvAAAAYAAJ| title= Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936| first= Florence  | last= Peterson| date = 16 April 1938| page= 60| publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office| isbn= 978-0-403-01148-3| via= Google Books}}</ref> A 1988 study of strike activity and unionization in non-union municipal [[police departments]] between 1972 and 1978 found that recognition strikes were carried out "primarily where bargaining laws [provided] little or no protection of bargaining rights."<ref name="police">{{Cite journal | title= Police recognition strikes: Illegal and ill-fated| first= Casey| last= Ichniowski| date= 1 June 1988| journal = Journal of Labor Research| volume  = 9| issue   = 2| pages   = 183–197| doi= 10.1007/BF02685240| s2cid= 54211734}}</ref>

In 1937, there were 4,740 strikes in the United States.<ref>
"[http://www.uwlax.edu/teachhistory/Old%20Grants/Grant2/G2EducationResources/timeline2.htm Abbreviated Timeline of the Modern Labor Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029044945/http://www.uwlax.edu/teachhistory/Old%20Grants/Grant2/G2EducationResources/timeline2.htm |date=29 October 2012 }} ", University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
</ref> This was the greatest strike wave in [[American labor history]]. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0663.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020114556/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0663.pdf|title=U.S. Census Bureau, ''Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012'' (2011) p 428 table 663|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Aaron Brenner|title=The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHzk54IjNpEC&pg=PA234|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|pages=234–35|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-0-7656-2645-5}}</ref>

The [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], adopted in 1967, ensures the right to strike in Article 8. The [[European Social Charter]], adopted in 1961, also ensures the right to strike in Article 6.

[[Farah strike|The Farah Strike]], 1972–1974, labeled the "strike of the century," was organized and led by Mexican American women predominantly in El Paso, Texas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/|title=The Best of the Texas Century—Business|date=20 January 2013|website=Texas Monthly|language=en|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>