Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Sterilization (medicine)
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
==Effects== The effects of sterilization vary greatly according to gender, age, location, and other factors. When discussing female sterilization, one of the most important factors to consider is the degree of power that women hold in the household and within society. ===Physical=== Understanding the physical effects of sterilization is important because it is a common method of contraception. Among women who had interval [[Tubal ligation|tubal sterilization]], studies have shown a null or positive effect on female sexual interest and pleasure.<ref name="The Effect of Interval Tubal Sterilization">Costello, Caroline et al. 2002. "The Effect of Interval Tubal Sterilization on Sexual Interest and Pleasure". ''The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists''. 100(3): 511β517.</ref> Similar results were discovered for men who had vasectomies. [[Vasectomy|Vasectomies]] did not negatively influence the satisfaction of men, and there was no significant change in communication and marital satisfaction among couples as a result.<ref name="The Influence of a Vasectomy">Hofmeyr, Doreen G. and Abraham P. Greeff. 2002. "The Influence of a Vasectomy on the Marital Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction of the Married Man". ''Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy''. 28:339β351.</ref> According to ''[[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins Medicine]]'', tubal sterilizations result in serious problems in less than 1 out of 1000 women. Tubal sterilization is an effective procedure, but pregnancy can still occur in about 1 out of 200 women. Some potential risks of tubal sterilization include "bleeding from a skin incision or inside the abdomen, infection, damage to other organs inside the abdomen, side effects from anesthesia, [[ectopic pregnancy]] (an egg that becomes fertilized outside the uterus), [and] incomplete closing of a fallopian tube that results in pregnancy."<ref name="Tubal Ligation">"Tubal Ligation". Johns Hopkins Medicine.</ref> Potential risks of [[Vasectomy|vasectomies]] include "pain continuing long after surgery, bleeding and bruising, a (usually mild) inflammatory reaction to sperm that spill during surgery called sperm granuloma, [and] infection." Additionally, the [[vas deferens]], the part of the male anatomy that transports sperm, may grow back together, which could result in unintended pregnancy.<ref name="Vasectomy">"Vasectomy". Johns Hopkins Medicine.</ref> ===Psychological=== It can be difficult to measure the psychological effects of sterilization, as certain psychological phenomena may be more prevalent in those who eventually decide to partake in sterilization. The relationships between psychological problems and sterilization may be due more to [[correlation]] rather than [[Causality|causation]]. That being said, there are several trends surrounding the psychological health of those who have received sterilizations. A 1996 Chinese study found that "risk for depression was 2.34 times greater after tubal ligation, and 3.97 times greater after vasectomy."<ref name="Psychological Effects China">{{cite journal |last=Lin |first=Luo |author2=Wu Shi-Zhong |author3=Zhu Changmin |author4=Fan Qifu |author5=Liu Keqiang |author6=Sun Goliang |year=1996 |title=Psychological Effects of Sterilization |journal=Contraception |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=345β357 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(96)00200-4 |pmid=8968663}}</ref> If an individual goes into the procedure after being coerced or with a lack of understanding of the procedure and its consequences, they are more likely to develop negative psychological consequences afterward. However, most people in the [[United States]] who are sterilized maintain the same level of [[psychological health]] as they did prior to the procedure.<ref name="philliber1985">{{Cite journal |last1=Philliber |first1=S. G. |last2=Philliber |first2=W. W. |year=1985 |title=Social and psychological perspectives on voluntary sterilization: A review |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1β29 |doi=10.2307/1965814 |jstor=1965814 |pmid=3983979}}</ref> Because sterilization is a largely irreversible procedure, post-sterilization regret is a major psychological effect. The most common reason for post-sterilization regret is the desire to have more children.<ref name="Female Sterilisation in the United States" /> ===Familial=== ====Women in the household==== Some people believe that sterilization gives women, in particular, more control over their [[Human female sexuality|sexuality]] and their [[Human reproduction|reproduction]]. This can lead to empowering women, giving them more of a sense of ownership over their bodies, and an improved relationship with the household.<ref name="Seeking Zero Growth">STOLC, Phyllis E W. "Seeking Zero Growth: Population Policy in China and India". ''Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies''. 6.2 (2008): 10β32.</ref> In the [[United States]], where there are no governmental incentives for being sterilized (see below), the decision is often made for personal and familial reasons. A woman, sometimes along with her partner, can decide that she does not want any more children or she does not want children at all. Many women report feeling more sexually liberated after being sterilized, as there is no concern of a pregnancy risk.<ref name="The Decision to End Childbearing by Sterilization">Abell, P. K. "The Decision to End Childbearing by Sterilization." ''Family Relations''. 36.1 (1987): 66β71.</ref> By eliminating the risk of having more children, a woman can commit to a long-term job without a disruption of [[maternity leave]] in the future. A woman will feel more empowered since she can make a decision about her body and her life. Sterilization eliminates the need for potential [[abortions]], which can be a very stressful decision overall.<ref name="The Decision to End Childbearing by Sterilization" /> ====Relationship with spouse==== In countries that are more entrenched in the traditional [[Patriarchy|patriarchal system]], female sterilizations can inspire abusive behavior from husbands for various reasons.<ref>Rao, Vijayendra. "Wife-Beating in a Rural South India Community." ''Social Science and Medicine''. 44.8 (1997): 1169β1181.</ref> Sterilization can lead to distrust in a marriage if the husband suspects his wife of infidelity. Furthermore, the husband may become angry and aggressive if the decision to be sterilized is made by the wife without consulting him. If a woman marries again after sterilization, her new husband might be displeased with her inability to bear him children, causing tumult in the marriage. There are many negative consequences associated with women who hold very little personal power. However, in more progressive cultures and in stable relationships, there are few changes observed in spousal relationships after sterilization. In these cultures, women hold more agency, and men are less likely to dictate women's personal choices. Sexual activity remains fairly constant, and marital relationships do not suffer, as long as the sterilization decision was made collaboratively between the two partners.<ref name="philliber1985" /> ====Children==== As the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] tried to communicate to their people after the population boom between 1953 and 1971, having fewer children allows more of a family's total resources to be dedicated to each child.<ref name="Seeking Zero Growth" /> Especially in countries that give parents incentives for family planning and for having fewer children, it is advantageous to existing children to be in smaller families. In more [[rural]] areas where families depend on the labor of their children to survive, sterilization could have more of a negative effect. If a child dies, a family loses a worker. During China's controversial [[one-child policy]] reign, policymakers allowed families to have another child if an existing child in the same family died or became disabled.<ref name="Seeking Zero Growth" /> However, if either parent is sterilized, this is impossible. The loss of a child could impact the survival of an entire family.
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Sterilization (medicine)
(section)
Add topic