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==Anomers== [[Anomer]]ism is an identity for single bonded ring structures where "cis" or "Z" and "trans" or "E" (geometric isomerism) needs to name the substitutions on a carbon atom that also displays the identity of chirality; so anomers have carbon atoms that have geometric isomerism and optical isomerism ([[enantiomer]]ism) on one or more of the carbons of the ring.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch25/ch25-3-1.html |last=Hunt |first=Ian |website=chem.ucalgary.ca |access-date=2022-08-09|title=What do the Ξ±- and Ξ²- forms look like?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2018/02/19/the-big-damn-post-of-sugar-nomenclature/ | title=The Big Damn Post Of Carbohydrate-Related Chemistry Definitions |website=masterorganicchemistry.com |first=James |last=Ashenhurst | date=2022-08-03 |access-date=2022-08-09 }}</ref> Anomers are named "alpha" or "axial" and "beta" or "equatorial" when substituting a cyclic ring structure that has single bonds between the carbon atoms of the ring for example, a hydroxyl group, a methyl hydroxyl group, a methoxy group or another pyranose or furanose group which are typical single bond substitutions but not limited to these.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/chapt6.htm |website=chemistry.msu.edu |last=Reusch |first=William |title=Stereoisomers |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> Axial geometric isomerism will be perpendicular (90 degrees) to a reference plane and equatorial will be 120 degrees away from the axial bond or deviate 30 degrees from the reference plane.<ref>Morrison and Boyd Organic Chemistry Sixth ed. pgs. 1170-1171 {{ISBN|0-13-643669-2}}</ref>
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