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==Social effects== Having a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of [[bullying]] because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased [[self-esteem]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krueger |first=Breanna I. |date=2019-02-26 |title=Eligibility and Speech Sound Disorders: Assessment of Social Impact |journal=Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=85β90 |doi=10.1044/2018_PERS-SIG1-2018-0016|s2cid=150998147 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God. This can cause people with cleft palates to not receive care in early childhood, and end in rejection from society.<ref name=":02"/> For those with speech disorders, listeners reactions are often negative, which may correlate negative effects to self-esteem. It has also been shown that adults tend to view individuals with stutters in more negative ways than those without them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dale F. |last2=Dietrich |first2=Susan |date=1996-01-01 |title=Effects of speech and language disorders on raters' perceptions |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924%2894%2900014-X |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1β12 |doi=10.1016/0021-9924(94)00014-X |pmid=8722526 |issn=0021-9924}}</ref>
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