Editing Sonora (section)

===Independence===
In 1821, the colonial era in Sonora was ended by the [[Mexican War of Independence]], which started in 1810. Without being directly involved in the war, Sonora became part of an independent Mexico, which allowed for economic development. The former province of ''Sonora, Ostimuri, y Sinaloa'' was divided in 1823 to form the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, with the Sonoran capital in [[Ures]].<ref name="rincones38"/> They were reunited in 1824 but became separate again in 1831, when Sonora wrote its first state constitution, which put the capital in [[Hermosillo]].<ref name="turhistoria"/> In 1832, the capital was moved to [[Arizpe]].<ref name="rincones38"/>

In 1835, the government of Sonora put a bounty on the [[Apache]] which, over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each [[Scalping|scalp]] of a male 14 or more years old. [[James L. Haley]] wrote: "In 1835, Don Ignacio Zúñiga, who was the long-time commander of the presidios of northern Sonora, asserted that since 1820 the Apaches had killed at least five thousand settlers, which convinced another four thousand to flee, forced the abandonment of over one hundred settlements, and caused the virtual depopulation of the interior frontier. ... The state of Sonora resorted to paying a bounty on Apache scalps in 1835."<ref>James L. Haley (1981). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RAfJwmMeq5IC Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait]''". University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 50–51. {{ISBN|0-8061-2978-6}}</ref>

The [[Reform War|struggles]] between the Conservatives, who wanted a centralized government, and Liberals, who wanted a federalist system, affected the entire country during the 19th century. In 1835, a centralist government was instituted based on what were called the ''Bases Constitucionales'' ("Constitutional Bases"). They were followed by the ''Siete Leyes Constitucionales'' ("Seven Constitutional Laws"), which remained in effect until 1837. But in December of the same year, General [[José de Urrea]] proclaimed in Arizpe the re-establishment of the Constitution of 1824, initially supported by then-Governor [[Manuel Gándara]]. However, for the rest of the century, Gándara and succeeding governors would support a centralized government, leading to political instability in the state.<ref name="enchistoria"/><ref name="rincones38"/> In 1838, the capital was moved back to Ures.<ref name="enchistoria"/>

The fertile lands of the Mayo and Yaquis continued to attract outsiders during the 19th century. These were now Mexicans rather than Spaniards, and later in the century, it was a major draw for North Americans.<ref name="yetman4"/> By the end of the 19th century, however, the area received large numbers of immigrants from [[Europe]], especially from [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and [[Russia]], the [[Middle East]], mainly [[Lebanon]] or [[Syria]], and even [[China]],<ref name="leerob92">Lee, p. 92</ref> who brought new forms of agriculture, mining, livestock, industrial processes, ironwork, and textiles.<ref name="turhistoria"/>

The [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in only one major military confrontation between Mexican and United States forces, but its consequences were severe for the state. In October 1847, the warship [[USS Cyane (1837)|USS ''Cyane'']] laid siege to [[Guaymas]] Bay, resulting in United States control of this part of the coast until 1848.<ref name="rincones38"/><ref name="acercapuerto">{{cite web |url=http://www.puertodeguaymas.com/acerca-del-puerto |title=Acerca del puerto |publisher=Administración Portuaria Integral de Guaymas, SA de C V |location=Guaymas, Mexico |language=es |trans-title=About the Port |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514121214/http://www.puertodeguaymas.com/acerca-del-puerto }}</ref> When the war ended, Sonora lost 339,370 hectares (13,200 square miles) of its territory to the United States through the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. Additionally, the war ruined the state's economy.<ref name="rincones38"/> Sonora lost more territory in the 1850s, through the [[Gadsden Purchase]]. Before the war, Sonora was the largest State in Mexico. The State lost more than 29,000 square miles to the United States as a result of the 1853 Gadsden Purchase. The majority of the area is today's Arizona south of the [[Gila River]] and a part of the present-day southwestern New Mexico.<ref name="enchistoria"/> The area's political vulnerability immediately after the war made it susceptible to buccaneers such as [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]], [[Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon]], and [[Henry Alexander Crabb]], who attacked Sonoran ports such as Guaymas and [[Caborca]]. However, most attacks were repelled.<ref name="enchistoria"/> The economy did not begin to recover from the war until the late 1850s, when [[Ignacio Pesqueira]] became governor and attracted foreign investment to the state, especially in the mining sector, as well as worked to create markets abroad for agricultural products.<ref name="rincones38"/>

During the [[Second Mexican Empire]], Sonora was taken over by French and Mexican Imperial troops as part of the [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Mexican conservative party]]'s election of [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]] as [[Emperor of Mexico]]. The port of Guaymas was attacked by forces under Armando Castagny, forcing Mexican forces under Pesqueira and General Patoni to retreat north of the city. Imperial troops attacked the republicans again ''La Pasión'', again resulting in defeat for the republican resistance. The French and Mexican Imperialists were not defeated in the state until the [[Battle of Llanos de Ures]] in 1866 by Pesqueira, Jesús García Morales and Ángel Martínez.<ref name="turhistoria"/><ref name="rincones39">Gonzalez, p. 39</ref> Shortly after this, the state's current constitution was written in 1871, and its capital was permanently moved to Hermosillo.<ref name="enchistoria"/><ref name="mediofisico"/>

[[File:Cajeme2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cajemé]], Yaqui resistance leader]]
During the regime of [[Porfirio Díaz]] from the late 19th century to the 20th century, major economic changes occurred. These changes promoted rapid economic growth, which had far-reaching social and political consequences. Sonora and the rest of the northern states rapidly increased in economic importance. Development of a rail system integrated the state's economy into the national, and also allowed greater federal control over all of Mexico's territory. After 1880, this rail system was extended north into the United States, making it an important part of binational economic relations to this day.<ref name="hamnett184">Hamnett, p. 184</ref> However, the changes also permitted foreigners and certain Mexicans to take over very large tracts of land in Mexico. In Sonora, [[Guillermo Andrade]] controlled {{Convert|1,570,000|ha|km2 sqmi}}, [[Manuel Peniche]] and American [[William Cornell Green]] about {{Convert|500,000|ha|km2 sqmi}}. Foreign industry owners also tended to bring in Asian and European workers.<ref name="enchistoria"/> [[Chinese immigration to Mexico|Chinese immigration]] into Sonora would begin at this time, and the Chinese soon became an economic force as they built small businesses that spread wherever economic development occurred.<ref name="leerob8992">Lee, pp. 89–92</ref>

The appropriation of land for both agriculture and mining placed renewed pressure on the Yaquis and other native peoples of Sonora. Previously, active resistance had given the Yaqui fairly autonomous control of a portion of the state and kept their agricultural system along the Yaqui River. Encroachment on this land led to uprisings and guerilla warfare by the Yaquis after 1887. By 1895, the federal and state governments began to violently repress the Yaquis and forcefully relocate captured Yaquis to the plantations in Mexico's tropical south, especially the [[henequen]] plantations in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. The Yaqui resistance continued into the 20th century, with the expulsions reaching a peak between 1904 and 1908, by which time about one-quarter of this population had been deported. Still more were forced to flee into Arizona.<ref name="hamnett191">Hamnett, p. 191</ref>