Editing Soliton (section)

==In biology==
Solitons may occur in proteins<ref>{{Cite book | title=Solitons in molecular systems | volume=61 | series=Mathematics and its applications (Soviet Series) | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | first=Aleksandr S. | last=Davydov | edition=2nd | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-7923-1029-7 }}</ref> and DNA.<ref>{{Cite book | title=Nonlinear physics of DNA | first=Ludmila V. | last=Yakushevich | edition=2nd revised | publisher=Wiley-VCH | year=2004 | isbn=978-3-527-40417-9 }}</ref>  Solitons are related to the [[low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA]].<ref name="pmid16516929">{{Cite journal | last = Sinkala | first = Z. | title = Soliton/exciton transport in proteins | journal = J. Theor. Biol. | volume = 241 | issue = 4 | pages = 919–27 |date=August 2006 | pmid = 16516929 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.028 | bibcode = 2006JThBi.241..919S | citeseerx = 10.1.1.44.52 }}</ref>

A recently developed [[Soliton model in neuroscience|model in neuroscience]] proposes that signals, in the form of density waves, are conducted within neurons in the form of solitons.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heimburg, T., Jackson, A.D. |title=On soliton propagation in biomembranes and nerves |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=9790–5 |date=12 July 2005 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503823102 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.9790H |pmid=15994235 |pmc=1175000|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S179304800700043X |author=Heimburg, T., Jackson, A.D. |title=On the action potential as a propagating density pulse and the role of anesthetics |journal=Biophys. Rev. Lett. |volume=2 |pages=57–78 |year=2007 |arxiv=physics/0610117 |bibcode=2006physics..10117H|s2cid=1295386 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.03.002 |pmid=19482227 |author=Andersen, S.S.L., Jackson, A.D., Heimburg, T. |title=Towards a thermodynamic theory of nerve pulse propagation |journal=Prog. Neurobiol. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=104–113 |year=2009 |s2cid=2218193 }}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Solitons can be described as almost lossless energy transfer in biomolecular chains or lattices as wave-like propagations of coupled conformational and electronic disturbances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hameroff |first1=Stuart |title=Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and Nanotechnology |date=1987 |publisher=Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. |location=Netherlands |isbn=0-444-70283-0 |page=18}}</ref>