Editing Sociobiology (section)

=== In humans ===

Studies of human behavior genetics have found behavioral traits such as creativity, extroversion, aggressiveness, and [[Intelligence quotient |IQ]] have high [[heritability]]. Researchers are careful to point out that heritability does not constrain the influence that environmental or cultural factors may have on these traits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Wendy |last2=Turkheimer |first2=E. |last3=Gottesman |first3=Irving |last4=Bouchard |first4=Thomas |year=2009 |title=Beyond Heritability: Twin Studies in Behavioral Research |journal=[[Current Directions in Psychological Science]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=217–220 |url=http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Johnson%20%282009%29.pdf |access-date=29 June 2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x |pmc=2899491 |pmid=20625474 |quote=Moreover, even highly heritable traits can be strongly manipulated by the environment, so heritability has little if anything to do with controllability. For example, height is on the order of 90% heritable, yet North and South Koreans, who come from the same genetic background, presently differ in average height by a full 6 inches (Pak, 2004; Schwekendiek, 2008). |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100911043817/http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Johnson%20(2009).pdf |archive-date= Sep 11, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turkheimer |first=Eric |date=April 2008 |title=A Better Way to Use Twins for Developmental Research |journal=LIFE Newsletter |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=2–5 |url=http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Turkheimer%20%282008%29.pdf |access-date=29 October 2010 |quote=But back to the question: What does heritability mean? Almost everyone who has ever thought about heritability has reached a commonsense intuition about it: One way or another, heritability has to be some kind of index of how genetic a trait is. That intuition explains why so many thousands of heritability coefficients have been calculated over the years... Unfortunately, that fundamental intuition is wrong. Heritability isn't an index of how genetic a trait is. A great deal of time has been wasted in the effort of measuring the heritability of traits in the false expectation that somehow the genetic nature of psychological phenomena would be revealed. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125033850/http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Turkheimer%20(2008).pdf |archive-date= Nov 25, 2011 }}</ref>

Various theorists have argued that in some environments [[Crime|criminal behavior]] might be adaptive.<ref name="mealy1995">{{cite journal |last=Mealey |first=Linda |title=The Sociobiology of Sociopathy: An Integrated Evolutionary Model |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |date=1995 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=523–541 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00039595 |s2cid=53956461 |url=http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.mealey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021026131543/http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.mealey.html |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=2002-10-26 }}</ref> The [[Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory |evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory]], by sociologist/criminologist [[Lee Ellis]], posits that female sexual selection has led to increased competitive behavior among men, sometimes resulting in criminality. In another theory, [[Mark van Vugt]] argues that a history of intergroup conflict for resources between men have led to differences in violence and aggression between men and women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hernán |first=Roberto |title=Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition |date=2015 |work=Experimental Economics: Volume 1: Economic Decisions |pages=154–168 |editor-last=Branas-Garza |editor-first=Pablo |place=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |doi=10.1057/9781137538192_10 |isbn=978-1-137-53819-2 |last2=Kujal |first2=Praveen |editor2-last=Cabrales |editor2-first=Antonio}}</ref> The novelist [[Elias Canetti]] also has noted applications of sociobiological theory to cultural practices such as slavery and autocracy.<ref>[[Elias Canetti]], ''[[Crowds and Power]]''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981, pp. 444–445.</ref>