Editing Smyrna (section)

===Ottoman period===
{{Main|İzmir}}
[[File:Tamerlan.jpg|thumb|200px|In the year 1403, [[Timur]] had decisively defeated the [[Knights Hospitaller]] at Smyrna, and therefore referred to himself as a ''[[Ghazi warriors|Ghazi]]''.]]

[[Ibn Batuta]] found Smyrna still in great part a ruin when the homonymous chieftain of the [[Beylik of Aydın]] had conquered it about 1330 and made his son, Umur, governor. It became the port of the emirate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Smyrna: The History of Asia Minor's Greatest Greek City |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2024/01/31/smyrna-history-asia-minor-2-2/ |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Greek City Times}}</ref>

During the [[Smyrniote Crusade]] in 1344, on October 28, the combined forces of the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Cyprus captured both the harbor and city from the Turks, which they held for nearly 60 years; the citadel fell in 1348, with the death of the governor Umur Baha ad-Din Ghazi.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth M. |last=Stetton |title=The Papacy and the Levant, vol. 1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |location= |date=1976 |isbn=0-87169-114-0}}</ref>

In 1402, [[Timur|Tamerlane]] [[Siege of Smyrna|stormed the town]] and massacred almost all the inhabitants. His conquest was only temporary, but Smyrna was recovered by the Turks under the Aydın dynasty, after which it became [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], when the Ottomans took over the lands of Aydın after 1425.<ref>{{Britannica|46453|Aydin Dynasty}}</ref>

Greek influence was so strong in the area that the Turks called it "Smyrna of the infidels" ([[Giaour|Gavur]] İzmir).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/amoderncrusadei00humpgoog/page/n73/mode/1up |title=A Modern Crusade in the Turkish Empire |first1=Florence Amanda |last1=Fensham |first2=Mary I. |last2=Lyman |first3=Mrs. H. B. |last3=Humphrey |publisher=Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior |date=1908 |page=43}}</ref> Turkish sources track the term's emergence to the 14th century, when two separate parts of the city were controlled by two different powers, the upper İzmir being Muslim and the lower part of the city Christian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazir |first=Ediz |date=2022-03-21 |title=Religious Belonging and Multinational Encounters in “Infidel Izmir”: Past and Present |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/chrc/102/1/article-p83_4.xml |journal=Church History and Religious Culture |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=83–109 |doi=10.1163/18712428-bja10035 |issn=1871-2428}}</ref>{{Clarify||This needs to be merged with previous paragraph which talks about Tamerlane in the 15th century. So this term is from the Knights of Saint John episode?|date=March 2010}}

The Armenians, alongside the Greeks, played a significant role in the city's development, most notably during the age of exploration, where Armenians became a crucial player in the trade sector.<ref name="ieg-ego.eu">{{Cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/economic-networks/tamara-ganjalyan-armenian-trade-networks|title=Armenian trade networks}}</ref>
The Armenians had trade routes stretching from the far east to Europe. One most notable good the Armenians traded was Iranian silk, which the Shah Abbas of Iran gave them a monopoly over in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinmann |first=Linda K. |date=1987 |title=Shah 'Abbas and the Royal Silk Trade 1599–1629 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/194456 |journal=Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies) |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1080/13530198808705454 |jstor=194456 }}</ref>

The Armenians traded Iranian silk with European and Greek merchants in Smyrna; this trade made the Armenians very rich. Besides trade, the Armenians were involved in manufacturing, banking, and other highly productive professions.<ref name="ieg-ego.eu"/>

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Smyrna was an important financial and cultural center of the Greek world.<ref name=":3" /> Of its 391 factories, 322 belonged to local Greeks, while 3 of its 9 banks were backed by Greek capital. Education was also dominated by the local Greek communities, with 67 male and 4 female schools. The Ottomans continued to control the area, with the exception of the [[Greek administration of Smyrna (1919–1922)|1919–1922 period]], when the city was assigned to Greece by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]].<ref name=":4" />

The region's most important Greek educational institution was the [[Evangelical School of Smyrna|Evangelical School]], which operated from 1733 to 1922.<ref>{{cite book | last= Geōrgiadou|first=Maria | title= Constantin Carathéodory: mathematics and politics in turbulent times |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IVIXBOFNty8C&q=%22evangelical+school%22%2Bsmyrna&pg=PA145| publisher=Springer | year=2004 | isbn= 978-3-540-20352-0| page =145}}</ref>
[[File:Greek army Smyrne 1919.jpg|thumb|Greek troops marching on İzmir's coastal street, May 1919]]