Editing Smoke (section)

===Health effects of wood smoke===
{{See also|Wildfire#Health effects}}
[[File:Wood Volatility Basis Dataset.jpg|thumb|Volatility distribution of volatile organic compound emissions in [[wood]] smoke<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Gareth J. |last2=Nelson |first2=Beth S. |last3=Acton |first3=W. Joe F. |last4=Vaughan |first4=Adam R. |last5=Hopkins |first5=James R. |last6=Yunus |first6=Siti S. M. |last7=Hewitt |first7=C. Nicholas |last8=Nemitz |first8=Eiko |last9=Mandal |first9=Tuhin K. |last10=Gadi |first10=Ranu |last11=Sahu |first11=Lokesh. K. |last12=Rickard |first12=Andrew R. |last13=Lee |first13=James D. |last14=Hamilton |first14=Jacqueline F. |title=Comprehensive organic emission profiles, secondary organic aerosol production potential, and OH reactivity of domestic fuel combustion in Delhi, India |journal=Environmental Science: Atmospheres |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=104–117 |doi=10.1039/D0EA00009D |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] 
Wood smoke is a major source of [[air pollution]],<ref name=NSWEPA>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/air/reducing-wood-smoke-emissions|title=reducing-wood-smoke-emissions|first=NSW|last=EPA|website=NSW Environment Protection Authority|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419152235/https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/your-environment/air/reducing-wood-smoke-emissions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AUENV>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/|title=Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment|website=Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment|access-date=11 November 2008|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511213226/http://environment.gov.au/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=EU>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/92na1_en.pdf|title=Wood smoke major source of pollution in winter|date=2007|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208212134/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/92na1_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WAHEALTH>{{cite web|url=https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Air-pollution-and-health|title=Air pollution and health|website=healthywa.wa.gov.au|format=PDF|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421193721/https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Air-pollution-and-health|url-status=live}}</ref> especially [[particulate pollution]],<ref name=AUENV/> pollution by [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs)<ref name="10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Tsiodra |first1=Irini |last2=Grivas |first2=Georgios |last3=Tavernaraki |first3=Kalliopi |last4=Bougiatioti |first4=Aikaterini |last5=Apostolaki |first5=Maria |last6=Paraskevopoulou |first6=Despina |last7=Gogou |first7=Alexandra |last8=Parinos |first8=Constantine |last9=Oikonomou |first9=Konstantina |last10=Tsagkaraki |first10=Maria |last11=Zarmpas |first11=Pavlos |last12=Nenes |first12=Athanasios |last13=Mihalopoulos |first13=Nikolaos |title=Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |date=7 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=23 |pages=17865–17883 |doi=10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021 |bibcode=2021ACP....2117865T |s2cid=245103794 |language=English |issn=1680-7316|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs)<ref name=AUENV/>{{Better source needed|date=January 2022}} such as [[formaldehyde]].<ref name=USEPA>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/wood-smoke-and-your-health|title=Wood Smoke and Your Health|first=OAR|last=US EPA|date=May 28, 2013|website=US EPA|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514175128/https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/wood-smoke-and-your-health|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]] domestic combustion, especially for industrial uses, is the largest single source of [[PM2.5]] annually.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hawkes |first1=N. |title=Air pollution in UK: the public health problem that won't go away |journal=BMJ |date=22 May 2015 |volume=350 |issue=may22 1 |pages=h2757 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h2757 |pmid=26001592 |s2cid=40717317 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2021-02-16|title=Wood burning at home now biggest cause of UK particle pollution|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/16/home-wood-burning-biggest-cause-particle-pollution-fires|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227162919/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/16/home-wood-burning-biggest-cause-particle-pollution-fires|url-status=live}}</ref> In some towns and cities in [[New South Wales]], wood smoke may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/factsheets/Pages/wood-smoke.aspx|title=Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets|website=www.health.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109204058/https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/factsheets/Pages/wood-smoke.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A year-long sampling campaign in Athens, Greece found a third (31%) of PAH urban air pollution to be caused by wood-burning, roughly as much as that of [[Diesel locomotive|diesel]] and [[Crude oil|oil]] (33%) and [[gasoline]] (29%). It also found that wood-burning is responsible for nearly half (43%) of annual PAH lung cancer-risk compared to the other sources and that wintertime PAH levels were 7 times higher than in other seasons, presumably due to an increased use of [[fireplace]]s and heaters. The largest exposure events are periods during the winter with reduced atmospheric dispersion to dilute the accumulated pollution, in particular due to the low [[wind]] speeds.<!--<ref>{{cite news |title=Wood burners cause nearly half of urban air pollution cancer risk – study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/17/wood-burners-urban-air-pollution-cancer-risk-study |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>--><ref name="10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021"/> Research conducted about biomass burning in 2015, estimated that 38% of European total particulate pollution emissions are composed of domestic wood burning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sigsgaard |first1=Torben |last2=Forsberg |first2=Bertil |last3=Annesi-Maesano |first3=Isabella |last4=Blomberg |first4=Anders |last5=Bølling |first5=Anette |last6=Boman |first6=Christoffer |last7=Bønløkke |first7=Jakob |last8=Brauer |first8=Michael |last9=Bruce |first9=Nigel |last10=Héroux |first10=Marie-Eve |last11=Hirvonen |first11=Maija-Riitta |date=2015-09-24 |title=Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world |url=https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2015/09/24/13993003.01865-2014 |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1577–1588 |language=en |doi=10.1183/13993003.01865-2014 |issn=0903-1936 |pmid=26405285|s2cid=41697986 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Wood smoke (for example from [[wildfire]]s or wood ovens) can cause lung damage,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/wood-smoke-and-your-health|title=Wood smoke and your health|date=November 16, 2009|website=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514231826/https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/wood-smoke-and-your-health|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iatp.org/news/wood-stove-pollution-is-a-burning-issue|title=Wood stove pollution is a burning issue|website=www.iatp.org|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209025928/https://www.iatp.org/news/wood-stove-pollution-is-a-burning-issue|url-status=live}}</ref> artery damage and DNA damage<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danielsen |first1=Pernille Høgh |last2=Møller |first2=Peter |last3=Jensen |first3=Keld Alstrup |last4=Sharma |first4=Anoop Kumar |last5=Wallin |first5=Håkan |last6=Bossi |first6=Rossana |last7=Autrup |first7=Herman |last8=Mølhave |first8=Lars |last9=Ravanat |first9=Jean-Luc |last10=Briedé |first10=Jacob Jan |last11=de Kok |first11=Theo Martinus |last12=Loft |first12=Steffen |title=Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inflammation Induced by Ambient Air and Wood Smoke Particulate Matter in Human A549 and THP-1 Cell Lines |journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology |date=18 February 2011 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1021/tx100407m |pmid=21235221 |s2cid=11668269 }}</ref> leading to cancer,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Navarro |first1=Kathleen M. |last2=Kleinman |first2=Michael T. |last3=Mackay |first3=Chris E. |last4=Reinhardt |first4=Timothy E. |last5=Balmes |first5=John R. |last6=Broyles |first6=George A. |last7=Ottmar |first7=Roger D. |last8=Naher |first8=Luke P. |last9=Domitrovich |first9=Joseph W. |title=Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality |journal=Environmental Research |date=June 2019 |volume=173 |pages=462–468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060 |pmid=30981117 |bibcode=2019ER....173..462N |s2cid=108987257 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asthma.org.au/about-us/media/dont-underestimate-the-health-dangers-of-wood-smoke/|title=Don't underestimate the health dangers of wood smoke|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326062804/https://asthma.org.au/about-us/media/dont-underestimate-the-health-dangers-of-wood-smoke/|url-status=live}}</ref> other respiratory and lung disease and cardiovascular disease.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bede-Ojimadu |first1=Onyinyechi |last2=Orisakwe |first2=Orish Ebere |title=Exposure to Wood Smoke and Associated Health Effects in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review |journal=Annals of Global Health |date=20 March 2020 |volume=86 |issue=1 |page=32 |doi=10.5334/aogh.2725 |pmid=32211302 |pmc=7082829 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Air pollution, particulate matter and wood smoke may also cause brain damage because of particulates breaching the cardiovascular system and into the brain,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=News Feature: How air pollution threatens brain health|first=Lynne|last=Peeples|date=June 23, 2020|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=25|pages=13856–13860|doi=10.1073/pnas.2008940117|pmid=32493753|pmc=7322062|bibcode=2020PNAS..11713856P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/06/air-pollution-particles-in-young-brains-linked-to-alzheimers-damage|title=Air pollution particles in young brains linked to Alzheimer's damage|date=October 6, 2020|website=The Guardian|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122001335/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/06/air-pollution-particles-in-young-brains-linked-to-alzheimers-damage|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/features/air-pollution-may-damage-peoples-brains-66473|title=Air Pollution May Damage People's Brains|website=The Scientist Magazine®|access-date=2 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060730/https://www.the-scientist.com/features/air-pollution-may-damage-peoples-brains-66473|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/2719037/|title=Stanford study shows wood smoke can harm the brain|date=December 2, 2017|website=ABC7 San Francisco|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801121207/https://abc7news.com/2719037/|url-status=live}}</ref> which can increase the risk of developmental disorders,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores-Pajot |first1=Marie-Claire |last2=Ofner |first2=Marianna |last3=Do |first3=Minh T. |last4=Lavigne |first4=Eric |last5=Villeneuve |first5=Paul J. |title=Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |date=November 2016 |volume=151 |pages=763–776 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.030 |pmid=27609410 |bibcode=2016ER....151..763F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chun |first1=HeeKyoung |last2=Leung |first2=Cheryl |last3=Wen |first3=Shi Wu |last4=McDonald |first4=Judy |last5=Shin |first5=Hwashin H. |title=Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Pollution |date=January 2020 |volume=256 |page=113307 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113307 |pmid=31733973 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020EPoll.25613307C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lam |first1=Juleen |last2=Sutton |first2=Patrice |last3=Kalkbrenner |first3=Amy |last4=Windham |first4=Gayle |last5=Halladay |first5=Alycia |last6=Koustas |first6=Erica |last7=Lawler |first7=Cindy |last8=Davidson |first8=Lisette |last9=Daniels |first9=Natalyn |last10=Newschaffer |first10=Craig |last11=Woodruff |first11=Tracey |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=PLOS ONE |date=21 September 2016 |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0161851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161851 |pmid=27653281 |pmc=5031428 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161851L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weisskopf |first1=Marc G. |last2=Kioumourtzoglou |first2=Marianthi-Anna |last3=Roberts |first3=Andrea L. |title=Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded? |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |date=December 2015 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=430–439 |doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 |pmid=26399256 |pmc=4737505 |bibcode=2015CEHR....2..430W }}</ref> neurodegenerative disorders<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Pengfei |last2=Yung |first2=Ken Kin Lam |title=Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=15 September 2020 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=701–714 |doi=10.3233/JAD-200483 |pmid=32741830 |s2cid=220942039 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=Tsung-Lin |last2=Lin |first2=Yu-Ting |last3=Hwang |first3=Bing-Fang |last4=Nakayama |first4=Shoji F. |last5=Tsai |first5=Chon-Haw |last6=Sun |first6=Xian-Liang |last7=Ma |first7=Chaochen |last8=Jung |first8=Chau-Ren |title=Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |date=October 2019 |volume=177 |page=108638 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2019.108638 |pmid=31421449 |bibcode=2019ER....17708638T |s2cid=201057595 }}</ref> mental disorders,<ref name = suicide>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=Isobel |last2=Zhang |first2=Shuo |last3=Kirkbride |first3=James B. |last4=Osborn |first4=David P. J. |last5=Hayes |first5=Joseph F. |title=Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=December 2019 |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=126002 |doi=10.1289/EHP4595 |pmid=31850801 |pmc=6957283 |bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l6002B }}</ref><ref name = economic>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Jackson G |title=Air pollution: A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=April 2020 |volume=32 |pages=52–65 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024 |pmid=31557706 |s2cid=199147061 }}</ref><ref name = suicidedep>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Qisijing |last2=Wang |first2=Wanzhou |last3=Gu |first3=Xuelin |last4=Deng |first4=Furong |last5=Wang |first5=Xueqin |last6=Lin |first6=Hualiang |last7=Guo |first7=Xinbiao |last8=Wu |first8=Shaowei |title=Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |date=February 2021 |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=9029–9049 |doi=10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3 |pmid=33481201 |bibcode=2021ESPR...28.9029L |s2cid=231677095 }}</ref> and suicidal behavior,<ref name = suicide/><ref name = suicidedep/> although studies on the link between [[Depression (clinical)|depression]] and some air pollutants are not consistent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Shu-Jun |last2=Heinrich |first2=Joachim |last3=Bloom |first3=Michael S. |last4=Zhao |first4=Tian-Yu |last5=Shi |first5=Tong-Xing |last6=Feng |first6=Wen-Ru |last7=Sun |first7=Yi |last8=Shen |first8=Ji-Chuan |last9=Yang |first9=Zhi-Cong |last10=Yang |first10=Bo-Yi |last11=Dong |first11=Guang-Hui |title=Ambient air pollution and depression: A systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=January 2020 |volume=701 |page=134721 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721 |pmid=31715478 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70134721F |s2cid=207944384 |url=https://push-zb.helmholtz-muenchen.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=57348 |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331123210/https://push-zb.helmholtz-muenchen.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=57348 |url-status=live }}</ref> At least one study has identified "the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or friction-derived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter (PM)."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maher |first1=Barbara A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=Imad A. M. |last3=Karloukovski |first3=Vassil |last4=MacLaren |first4=Donald A. |last5=Foulds |first5=Penelope G. |last6=Allsop |first6=David |last7=Mann |first7=David M. A. |last8=Torres-Jardón |first8=Ricardo |last9=Calderon-Garciduenas |first9=Lilian |title=Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=27 September 2016 |volume=113 |issue=39 |pages=10797–10801 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1605941113 |pmid=27601646 |pmc=5047173 |bibcode=2016PNAS..11310797M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Air pollution has also been linked to a range of other psychosocial problems.<ref name = economic/>