Editing Smallpox vaccine (section)

==== MVA ====
[[Modified vaccinia Ankara]] (MVA, {{langx|de|Modifiziertes Vakziniavirus Ankara}}) is a replication-incompetent variant of ''vaccinia'' that was developed in West Germany through [[serial passage]]. The original Ankara strain of ''vaccinia'' was maintained at the vaccine institute in [[Ankara, Turkey]] on donkeys and cows. The Ankara strain was taken to West Germany in 1953, where Herrlich and Mayr grew it on chorioallantoic membrane at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]]. After 572 serial passages, the ''vaccinia'' virus had lost over 14% of its genome and could no longer replicate in human cells. MVA was used in West Germany in 1977–1980, but the eradication of smallpox ended the vaccination campaign after only 120,000 doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Volz A, Sutter G | title = Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara: History, Value in Basic Research, and Current Perspectives for Vaccine Development | journal = Advances in Virus Research | volume = 97 | pages = 187–243 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28057259 | pmc = 7112317 | doi = 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001 | isbn = 9780128118016 }}</ref>

MVA stimulates the production of fewer antibodies than replicating vaccines.<ref name = "Mayr_1975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayr A, Hochstein-Mintzel V, Stickl H |title=Abstammung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung des attenuierten Vaccinia-Stammes MVA |journal=Infection |date=March 1975 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.1007/BF01641272|s2cid=46979748 }}</ref> During the smallpox eradication campaign, MVA was considered to be a pre-vaccine that would be administered before a replicating vaccine to reduce the side effects, or an alternative vaccine that could be safely given to people at high risk from a replicating vaccine.<ref name="Fenner_1988"/>{{rp|585}} Japan evaluated MVA and rejected it due to its low immunogenicity, deciding to develop its own attenuated vaccine instead.<ref name="kenner2006"/> In the 2000s, MVA was tested in animal models at much higher dosages.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Cohen J |title=There's a shortage of monkeypox vaccine. Could one dose instead of two suffice? |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice?cookieSet=1 |work=AAAS |date=1 July 2022 |quote=Because MVA does not make copies of itself, the team gave it at a higher dose—similar to what's used in the Bavarian Nordic shot today—than the Dryvax vaccine. |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708045919/https://www.science.org/content/article/there-s-shortage-monkeypox-vaccine-could-one-dose-instead-two-suffice?cookieSet=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> When MVA is given to monkeys at 40 times the dosage of Dryvax, it stimulates a more rapid immune response while still causing lesser side effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Espenshade O, Bassler J, Gong K, Lin S, Peters E, Rhodes L, Spano YE, Silvera PM, Moss B | title = Rapid protection in a monkeypox model by a single injection of a replication-deficient vaccinia virus | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 31 | pages = 10889–10894 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18678911 | pmc = 2495015 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0804985105 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2008PNAS..10510889E }}</ref>